A Rails View is an ERb program that shares data with controllers through mutually accessible variables.

If you look in the app/views directory of the library application, you will see one subdirectory for each of the controllers we have created: book. Each of these subdirectories was created automatically when the same-named controller was created with the generate script.

Now, assuming your web server is up and running, provide the following input in your browser”s address box −

http://localhost:3000/book/list

You get the following error message because you have not defined any view file for any method defined in the controller.

Rails lets you know that you need to create the view file for the new method. Each method you define in the controller needs to have a corresponding RHTML file, with the same name as the method, to display the data that the method is collecting.

So let us create view files for all the methods we have defined in book_controller.rb.

Creating View File for list Method

Create a file called list.rhtml using your favorite text editor and save it to app/views/book. After creating and saving the file, refresh your web browser. You should see a blank page; if you don”t, check the spelling of your file and make sure that it is exactly the same as your controller”s method.

Now, to display the actual content, let us put the following code into list.rhtml.

<% if @books.blank? %>
   
   <p>There are not any books currently in the system.</p>
   
<% else %>
   
   <p>These are the current books in our system</p>
   
      <ul id="books">
   
         <% @books.each do |c| %>
     
         <li><%= link_to c.title, {:action => ''show'', :id => c.id} -%></li>

         <% end %>

      </ul>

<% end %>

<p><%= link_to "Add new Book", {:action => ''new'' }%></p>

The code to be executed is to check whether the @books array has any objects in it. The .blank? method returns true if the array is empty, and false if it contains any objects. This @books object was created in controller inside the list method.

The code between the <%= %> tags is a link_to method call. The first parameter of link_to is the text to be displayed between the <a> tags. The second parameter is what action is called, when the link is clicked. In this case, it is the show method. The final parameter is the id of the book that is passed via the params object

Now, try refreshing your browser and you should get the following screen because we don”t have any book in our library.

Creating View File for new Method

Till now, we don”t have any book in our library. We have to create a few books in the system. So, let us design a view corresponding to the new method defined in book_controller.rb.

Create a file called new.rhtml using your favorite text editor and save it to app/views/book. Add the following code to the new.rhtml file.

<h1>Add new book</h1>

<% form_tag :action => ''create''  do %>

<p><label for="book_title">Title
</label>:

<%= text_field ''book'', ''title'' %></p>

<p><label for="book_price">Price</label>:

<%= text_field ''book'', ''price'' %></p>

<p><label for="book_subject">Subject</label>:

<%= collection_select(:book,:subject_id,@subjects,:id,:name) %></p>

<p><label for="book_description">Description</label><br/>

<%= text_area ''book'', ''description'' %></p>

<%= submit_tag "Create" %>

<% end  %>

<%= link_to ''Back'', {:action => ''list''} %>

Here the start_form_tag() method interprets the Ruby code into a regular HTML <form> tag using all the information supplied to it. This tag, for example, outputs the following HTML −

<form action="/book/create" method="post">

The next method is text_field that outputs an <input> text field. The parameters for text_field are object and field name. In this case, the object is book and the name is title.

The Rails method called collection_select creates an HTML select menu built from an array, such as the @books one. There are five parameters, which are as follows −

• :book − The object you are manipulating. In this case, it”s a book object.

• :subject_id − The field that is populated when the book is saved.

• @books − The array you are working with.

• :id − The value that is stored in the database. In terms of HTML, this is the <option> tag”s value parameter.

• :name − The output that the user sees in the pull-down menu. This is the value between the <option> tags.

The next used is submit_tag, which outputs an <input> button that submits the form. Finally, there is the end_form_tag method that simply translates into </form>.

Go to your browser and visit http://localhost:3000/book/new. This will give you the following screen.

Enter some data in this form and then click the Create button. This will result in a call to create method, which does not need any view because this method is using either the list or new methods to view the results. When you click the Create button, the data should submit successfully and redirect you to the list page, in which you now have a single item listed as follows −

If you click the link, you should see another error “Template is missing” since you haven”t created the template file for the show method yet.

Creating View File for show Method

This method will display the complete detail about any book available in the library. Create a show.rhtml file under app/views/book and populate it with the following code −

<h1><%= @book.title %></h1>

<p>

   <strong>Price: </strong> $<%= @book.price %><br />

   <strong>Subject :</strong> <%= @book.subject.name %><br />

   <strong>Created Date:</strong> <%= @book.created_at %><br />

</p>

<p><%= @book.description %></p>

<hr />

<%= link_to ''Back'', {:action => ''list''} %>

This is the first time you have taken full advantage of associations, which enable you to easily pull data from related objects.

The format used is @variable.relatedObject.column. In this instance, you can pull the subject”s name value through the @book variable using the belongs_to associations. If you click on any listed record, it will show you the following screen.

Creating View File for edit Method

Create a new file called edit.rhtml and save it in app/views/book. Populate it with the following code −

<h1>Edit Book Detail</h1>

<%= start_form_tag :action => ''update'', :id => @book do %>

<p><label for="book_title">Title</label>:

   <%= text_field ''book'', ''title'' %></p>

<p><label for="book_price">Price</label>:

   <%= text_field ''book'', ''price'' %></p>

<p><label for="book_subject">Subject</label>:

   <%= collection_select(:book, :subject_id,
   @subjects, :id, :name) %></p>

<p><label for="book_description">Description</label><br/>

   <%= text_area ''book'', ''description'' %></p>

<%= submit_tag "Save changes" %>

<% end %>

<%= link_to ''Back'', {:action => ''list'' } %>

This code is very similar to the new method, except for the fact that action to be updated instead of creating and defining an id.

At this point, we need some modification in the list method”s view file. Go to the <li></li> element and modify it so that it looks as follows −

<li>
   <%= link_to c.title, {:action => "show", :id => c.id} -%>
   <b> <%= link_to ''Edit'', {:action => "edit",
   :id => c.id} %></b>
</li>

Now, try to browse books using http://localhost:3000/book/list. It will give you the listing of all the books along with Edit option. When you click the Edit option, you will have the next screen as follows −

Now, you edit this information and then click the Save Changes button. It will result in a call to update method available in the controller file and it will update all the changed attributes. Notice that the update method does not need any view file because it”s using either show or edit methods to show its results.

Creating View File for delete Method

Removing information from a database using Ruby on Rails is almost too easy. You do not need to write any view code for the delete method, because this method is using list method to display the result. So, let”s just modify list.rhtml again and add a delete link.

Go to the <li></li> element and modify it to look like the following −

<li>
   <%= link_to c.title, {:action => ''show'', :id => c.id} -%>
   <b> <%= link_to ''Edit'', {:action => ''edit'', :id => c.id} %></b>
   <b> <%= link_to "Delete", {:action => ''delete'', :id => c.id},
   :confirm => "Are you sure you want to delete this item?" %></b>
</li>

The :confirm parameter presents a JavaScript confirmation box asking if you really want to perform the action. If the user clicks OK, the action proceeds, and the item is deleted.

Now, try browsing books using http://localhost:3000/book/list. It will give you the listing of all the books along with Edit and Delete options as follows −

Now, using the Delete option, you can delete any listed record.

Creating View File for show_subjects Method

Create a new file, show_subjects.rhtml, in the app/views/book directory and add the following code to it −

<h1><%= @subject.name -%></h1>
<ul>
   <% @subject.books.each do |c| %>
   <li><%= link_to c.title, :action => "show", :id => c.id -%></li>
   <% end %>
</ul>

You are taking advantage of associations by iterating through a single subject”s many books listings.

Now, modify the Subject line of show.rhtml so that the subject listing shows a link.

<strong>Subject: </strong> <%= link_to @book.subject.name,
:action => "show_subjects", :id => @book.subject.id %><br />

This will output a list of subject on the index page, so that users can access them directly.

Modify list.rhtml to add the following at the top of the file −

<ul id="subjects">
   <% Subject.find(:all).each do |c| %>
   <li><%= link_to c.name, :action => "show_subjects", 
      :id => c.id %></li>
   <% end %>
</ul>

Now, try browsing books using http://localhost:3000/book/list. It will display all the subjects with links so that you can browse all the books related to that subject.

What is Next?

We hope you are now comfortable with all the Rails Operations.

The next chapter explains how to use Layouts to put your data in a better way. We will also show you how to use CSS in your Rails applications.