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This chapter explains the setup of the Hadoop Multi-Node cluster on a distributed environment.
As the whole cluster cannot be demonstrated, we are explaining the Hadoop cluster environment using three systems (one master and two slaves); given below are their IP addresses.
- Hadoop Master: 192.168.1.15 (hadoop-master)
- Hadoop Slave: 192.168.1.16 (hadoop-slave-1)
- Hadoop Slave: 192.168.1.17 (hadoop-slave-2)
Follow the steps given below to have Hadoop Multi-Node cluster setup.
Installing Java
Java is the main prerequisite for Hadoop. First of all, you should verify the existence of java in your system using “java -version”. The syntax of java version command is given below.
$ java -version
If everything works fine it will give you the following output.
java version "1.7.0_71" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_71-b13) Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 25.0-b02, mixed mode)
If java is not installed in your system, then follow the given steps for installing java.
Step 1
Download java (JDK <latest version> – X64.tar.gz) by visiting the following link www.oracle.com
Then jdk-7u71-linux-x64.tar.gz will be downloaded into your system.
Step 2
Generally you will find the downloaded java file in Downloads folder. Verify it and extract the jdk-7u71-linux-x64.gz file using the following commands.
$ cd Downloads/ $ ls jdk-7u71-Linux-x64.gz $ tar zxf jdk-7u71-Linux-x64.gz $ ls jdk1.7.0_71 jdk-7u71-Linux-x64.gz
Step 3
To make java available to all the users, you have to move it to the location “/usr/local/”. Open the root, and type the following commands.
$ su password: # mv jdk1.7.0_71 /usr/local/ # exit
Step 4
For setting up PATH and JAVA_HOME variables, add the following commands to ~/.bashrc file.
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk1.7.0_71 export PATH=PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin
Now verify the java -version command from the terminal as explained above. Follow the above process and install java in all your cluster nodes.
Creating User Account
Create a system user account on both master and slave systems to use the Hadoop installation.
# useradd hadoop # passwd hadoop
Mapping the nodes
You have to edit hosts file in /etc/ folder on all nodes, specify the IP address of each system followed by their host names.
# vi /etc/hosts enter the following lines in the /etc/hosts file. 192.168.1.109 hadoop-master 192.168.1.145 hadoop-slave-1 192.168.56.1 hadoop-slave-2
Configuring Key Based Login
Setup ssh in every node such that they can communicate with one another without any prompt for password.
# su hadoop $ ssh-keygen -t rsa $ ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub tutorialspoint@hadoop-master $ ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub hadoop_tp1@hadoop-slave-1 $ ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub hadoop_tp2@hadoop-slave-2 $ chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys $ exit
Installing Hadoop
In the Master server, download and install Hadoop using the following commands.
# mkdir /opt/hadoop # cd /opt/hadoop/ # wget http://apache.mesi.com.ar/hadoop/common/hadoop-1.2.1/hadoop-1.2.0.tar.gz # tar -xzf hadoop-1.2.0.tar.gz # mv hadoop-1.2.0 hadoop # chown -R hadoop /opt/hadoop # cd /opt/hadoop/hadoop/
Configuring Hadoop
You have to configure Hadoop server by making the following changes as given below.
core-site.xml
Open the core-site.xml file and edit it as shown below.
<configuration>
<property>
<name>fs.default.name</name>
<value>hdfs://hadoop-master:9000/</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>dfs.permissions</name>
<value>false</value>
</property>
</configuration>
hdfs-site.xml
Open the hdfs-site.xml file and edit it as shown below.
<configuration>
<property>
<name>dfs.data.dir</name>
<value>/opt/hadoop/hadoop/dfs/name/data</value>
<final>true</final>
</property>
<property>
<name>dfs.name.dir</name>
<value>/opt/hadoop/hadoop/dfs/name</value>
<final>true</final>
</property>
<property>
<name>dfs.replication</name>
<value>1</value>
</property>
</configuration>
mapred-site.xml
Open the mapred-site.xml file and edit it as shown below.
<configuration>
<property>
<name>mapred.job.tracker</name>
<value>hadoop-master:9001</value>
</property>
</configuration>
hadoop-env.sh
Open the hadoop-env.sh file and edit JAVA_HOME, HADOOP_CONF_DIR, and HADOOP_OPTS as shown below.
Note − Set the JAVA_HOME as per your system configuration.
export JAVA_HOME=/opt/jdk1.7.0_17 export HADOOP_OPTS=-Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true export HADOOP_CONF_DIR=/opt/hadoop/hadoop/conf
Installing Hadoop on Slave Servers
Install Hadoop on all the slave servers by following the given commands.
# su hadoop $ cd /opt/hadoop $ scp -r hadoop hadoop-slave-1:/opt/hadoop $ scp -r hadoop hadoop-slave-2:/opt/hadoop
Configuring Hadoop on Master Server
Open the master server and configure it by following the given commands.
# su hadoop $ cd /opt/hadoop/hadoop
Configuring Master Node
$ vi etc/hadoop/masters hadoop-master
Configuring Slave Node
$ vi etc/hadoop/slaves hadoop-slave-1 hadoop-slave-2
Format Name Node on Hadoop Master
# su hadoop $ cd /opt/hadoop/hadoop $ bin/hadoop namenode –format 11/10/14 10:58:07 INFO namenode.NameNode: STARTUP_MSG: /************************************************************ STARTUP_MSG: Starting NameNode STARTUP_MSG: host = hadoop-master/192.168.1.109 STARTUP_MSG: args = [-format] STARTUP_MSG: version = 1.2.0 STARTUP_MSG: build = https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/hadoop/common/branches/branch-1.2 -r 1479473; compiled by ''hortonfo'' on Mon May 6 06:59:37 UTC 2013 STARTUP_MSG: java = 1.7.0_71 ************************************************************/ 11/10/14 10:58:08 INFO util.GSet: Computing capacity for map BlocksMap editlog=/opt/hadoop/hadoop/dfs/name/current/edits …………………………………………………. …………………………………………………. …………………………………………………. 11/10/14 10:58:08 INFO common.Storage: Storage directory /opt/hadoop/hadoop/dfs/name has been successfully formatted. 11/10/14 10:58:08 INFO namenode.NameNode: SHUTDOWN_MSG: /************************************************************ SHUTDOWN_MSG: Shutting down NameNode at hadoop-master/192.168.1.15 ************************************************************/
Starting Hadoop Services
The following command is to start all the Hadoop services on the Hadoop-Master.
$ cd $HADOOP_HOME/sbin $ start-all.sh
Adding a New DataNode in the Hadoop Cluster
Given below are the steps to be followed for adding new nodes to a Hadoop cluster.
Networking
Add new nodes to an existing Hadoop cluster with some appropriate network configuration. Assume the following network configuration.
For New node Configuration −
IP address : 192.168.1.103 netmask : 255.255.255.0 hostname : slave3.in
Adding User and SSH Access
Add a User
On a new node, add “hadoop” user and set password of Hadoop user to “hadoop123” or anything you want by using the following commands.
useradd hadoop passwd hadoop
Setup Password less connectivity from master to new slave.
Execute the following on the master
mkdir -p $HOME/.ssh chmod 700 $HOME/.ssh ssh-keygen -t rsa -P '''' -f $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa cat $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys chmod 644 $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys Copy the public key to new slave node in hadoop user $HOME directory scp $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected]:/home/hadoop/
Execute the following on the slaves
Login to hadoop. If not, login to hadoop user.
su hadoop ssh -X [email protected]
Copy the content of public key into file “$HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys” and then change the permission for the same by executing the following commands.
cd $HOME mkdir -p $HOME/.ssh chmod 700 $HOME/.ssh cat id_rsa.pub >>$HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys chmod 644 $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys
Check ssh login from the master machine. Now check if you can ssh to the new node without a password from the master.
ssh [email protected] or hadoop@slave3
Set Hostname of New Node
You can set hostname in file /etc/sysconfig/network
On new slave3 machine NETWORKING = yes HOSTNAME = slave3.in
To make the changes effective, either restart the machine or run hostname command to a new machine with the respective hostname (restart is a good option).
On slave3 node machine −
hostname slave3.in
Update /etc/hosts on all machines of the cluster with the following lines −
192.168.1.102 slave3.in slave3
Now try to ping the machine with hostnames to check whether it is resolving to IP or not.
On new node machine −
ping master.in
Start the DataNode on New Node
Start the datanode daemon manually using $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop-daemon.sh script. It will automatically contact the master (NameNode) and join the cluster. We should also add the new node to the conf/slaves file in the master server. The script-based commands will recognize the new node.
Login to new node
su hadoop or ssh -X [email protected]
Start HDFS on a newly added slave node by using the following command
./bin/hadoop-daemon.sh start datanode
Check the output of jps command on a new node. It looks as follows.
$ jps 7141 DataNode 10312 Jps
Removing a DataNode from the Hadoop Cluster
We can remove a node from a cluster on the fly, while it is running, without any data loss. HDFS provides a decommissioning feature, which ensures that removing a node is performed safely. To use it, follow the steps as given below −
Step 1 − Login to master
Login to master machine user where Hadoop is installed.
$ su hadoop
Step 2 − Change cluster configuration
An exclude file must be configured before starting the cluster. Add a key named dfs.hosts.exclude to our $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/hdfs-site.xml file. The value associated with this key provides the full path to a file on the NameNode”s local file system which contains a list of machines which are not permitted to connect to HDFS.
For example, add these lines to etc/hadoop/hdfs-site.xml file.
<property> <name>dfs.hosts.exclude</name> <value>/home/hadoop/hadoop-1.2.1/hdfs_exclude.txt</value> <description>DFS exclude</description> </property>
Step 3 − Determine hosts to decommission
Each machine to be decommissioned should be added to the file identified by the hdfs_exclude.txt, one domain name per line. This will prevent them from connecting to the NameNode. Content of the “/home/hadoop/hadoop-1.2.1/hdfs_exclude.txt” file is shown below, if you want to remove DataNode2.
slave2.in
Step 4 − Force configuration reload
Run the command “$HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop dfsadmin -refreshNodes” without the quotes.
$ $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop dfsadmin -refreshNodes
This will force the NameNode to re-read its configuration, including the newly updated ‘excludes’ file. It will decommission the nodes over a period of time, allowing time for each node”s blocks to be replicated onto machines which are scheduled to remain active.
On slave2.in, check the jps command output. After some time, you will see the DataNode process is shutdown automatically.
Step 5 − Shutdown nodes
After the decommission process has been completed, the decommissioned hardware can be safely shut down for maintenance. Run the report command to dfsadmin to check the status of decommission. The following command will describe the status of the decommission node and the connected nodes to the cluster.
$ $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop dfsadmin -report
Step 6 − Edit excludes file again
Once the machines have been decommissioned, they can be removed from the ‘excludes’ file. Running “$HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop dfsadmin -refreshNodes” again will read the excludes file back into the NameNode; allowing the DataNodes to rejoin the cluster after the maintenance has been completed, or additional capacity is needed in the cluster again, etc.
Special Note − If the above process is followed and the tasktracker process is still running on the node, it needs to be shut down. One way is to disconnect the machine as we did in the above steps. The Master will recognize the process automatically and will declare as dead. There is no need to follow the same process for removing the tasktracker because it is NOT much crucial as compared to the DataNode. DataNode contains the data that you want to remove safely without any loss of data.
The tasktracker can be run/shutdown on the fly by the following command at any point of time.
$ $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop-daemon.sh stop tasktracker $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop-daemon.sh start tasktracker
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