MFC – Overview

The Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) library provides a set of functions, constants, data types, and classes to simplify creating applications for the Microsoft Windows operating systems. In this tutorial, you will learn all about how to start and create windows based applications using MFC.

Prerequisites

We have assumed that you know the following −

• A little about programming for Windows.
• The basics of programming in C++.
• Understand the fundamentals of object-oriented programming.

What is MFC?

The Microsoft Foundation Class Library (MFC) is an “application framework” for programming in Microsoft Windows. MFC provides much of the code, which are required for the following −

• Managing Windows.
• Menus and dialog boxes.
• Performing basic input/output.
• Storing collections of data objects, etc.

You can easily extend or override the basic functionality the MFC framework in you C++ applications by adding your application-specific code into MFC framework.

MFC Framework

• The MFC framework provides a set of reusable classes designed to simplify Windows programming.

• MFC provides classes for many basic objects, such as strings, files, and collections that are used in everyday programming.

• It also provides classes for common Windows APIs and data structures, such as windows, controls, and device contexts.

• The framework also provides a solid foundation for more advanced features, such as ActiveX and document view processing.

• In addition, MFC provides an application framework, including the classes that make up the application architecture hierarchy.

Why MFC?

The MFC framework is a powerful approach that lets you build upon the work of expert programmers for Windows. MFC framework has the following advantages.

• It shortens development time.

• It makes code more portable.

• It also provides tremendous support without reducing programming freedom and flexibility.

• It gives easy access to “hard to program” user-interface elements and technologies.

• MFC simplifies database programming through Data Access Objects (DAO) and Open Database Connectivity (ODBC), and network programming through Windows Sockets.

MFC – Environment Setup

Microsoft Visual C++ is a programming environment used to create applications for the Microsoft Windows operating systems. To use MFC framework in your C++ application, you must have installed either Microsoft Visual C++ or Microsoft Visual Studio. Microsoft Visual Studio also contains the Microsoft Visual C++ environment.

Microsoft provides a free version of visual studio which also contains SQL Server and it can be downloaded from https://www.visualstudio.com/en-us/downloads/downloadvisual- studio-vs.aspx.

Following are the installation steps.

Step 1 − Once Visual Studio is downloaded, run the installer. The following dialog box will be displayed.

Step 2 − Click Install to start the installation process.

Step 3 − Once Visual Studio is installed successfully, you will see the following dialog box.

Step 4 − Close this dialog box and restart your computer if required.

Step 5 − Open Visual studio from the Start menu, which will open the following dialog box. It will take some time for preparation, while starting for the first time.

Step 6 − Next, you will see the main window of Visual Studio.

Step 7 − You are now ready to start your application.

MFC – VC++ Projects

In this chapter, we will be covering the different types of VC++ projects. Visual Studio includes several kinds of Visual C++ project templates. These templates help to create the basic program structure, menus, toolbars, icons, references, and include statements that are appropriate for the kind of project you want to create. Following are some of the salient features of the templates.

• It provides wizards for many of these project templates and helps you customize your projects as you create them.

• Once the project is created, you can build and run the application.

• You don”t have to use a template to create a project, but in most cases it”s more efficient to use project templates.

• It”s easier to modify the provided project files and structure than it is to create them from scratch.

In MFC, you can use the following project templates.

Following are some General templates which can also be used to create MFC application −

MFC – Getting Started

In this chapter, we will look at a working MFC example. To create an MFC application, you can use wizards to customize your projects. You can also create an application from scratch.

Create Project Using Project Templates

Following are the steps to create a project using project templates available in Visual Studio.

Step 1 − Open the Visual studio and click on the File → New → Project menu option.

Step 2 − You can now see that the New Project dialog box is open.

Step 3 − From the left pane, select Templates → Visual C++ → MFC

Step 4 − In the middle pane, select MFC Application.

Step 5 − Enter the project name ‘MFCDemo’ in the Name field and click OK to continue. You will see the following dialog.

Step 6 − Click Next.

Step 7 − Select the options which are shown in the dialog box given above and click Next.

Step 8 − Uncheck all options and click Finish button.

You can now see that the MFC wizard creates this Dialog Box and the project files by default.

Step 9 − Run this application, you will see the following output.

Create Project from Scratch

You can also create an MFC application from scratch. To create an MFC application, you need to follow the following Steps.

Step 1 − Open the Visual studio and click on the File → New → Project menu option.

Step 2 − You can now see the New Project dialog box.

Step 3 − From the left pane, select Templates → Visual C++ → General.

Step 4 − In the middle pane, select Empty

Step 5 − Enter project name ‘MFCDemoFromScratch’ in the Name field and click OK to continue. You will see that an empty project is created.

Step 6 − To make it an MFC project, right-click on the project and select Properties.

Step 7 − In the left section, click Configuration Properties → General.

Step 8 − Select the Use MFC in Shared DLL option in Project Defaults section and click OK.

Step 9 − As it is an empty project now; we need to add a C++ file. So, right-click on the project and select Add → New Item…

Step 10 − Select C++ File (.cpp) in the middle pane and enter file name in the Name field and click Add button.

Step 11 − You can now see the main.cpp file added under the Source Files folder.

Step 12 − Let us add the following code in this file.

#include <iostream> 
using namespace std;  

void main() { 
   cout << "***************************************n"; 
   cout << "MFC Application Tutorial"; 
   cout << "n***************************************"; 
   getchar(); 
}

Step 13 − When you run this application, you will see the following output on console.

*************************************** 
MFC Application Tutorial 
***************************************

MFC – Windows Fundamentals

In this chapter, we will be covering the fundamentals of Windows. To create a program, also called an application, you derive a class from the MFC”s CWinApp. CWinApp stands for Class for a Windows Application.

Let us look into a simple example by creating a new Win32 project.

Step 1 − Open the Visual studio and click on the File → New → Project menu option.

Step 2 − You can now see the New Project dialog box.

Step 3 − From the left pane, select Templates → Visual C++ → Win32.

Step 4 − In the middle pane, select Win32 Project.

Step 5 − Enter the project name ‘MFCWindowDemo’ in the Name field and click OK to continue. You will see the following dialog box.

Step 6 − Click Next.

Step 7 − Select the options as shown in the dialog box given above and click Finish.

Step 8 − An empty project is created.

Step 9 − To make it an MFC project, right-click on the project and select Properties.

Step 10 − In the left section, click Configuration Properties → General.

Step 11 − Select the Use MFC in Shared DLL option in Project Defaults section and click OK.

Step 12 − Add a new source file.

Step 13 − Right-click on your Project and select Add → New Item…

Step 14 − In the Templates section, click C++ File (.cpp).

Step 15 − Set the Name as Example and click Add.

Window Creation

Any application has two main sections −

• Class
• Frame or Window

Let us create a window using the following steps −

Step 1 − To create an application, we need to derive a class from the MFC”s CWinApp.

#include
class CExample : public CWinApp {
   BOOL InitInstance() {
      return TRUE;
   }
};

Step 2 − We also need a frame/window to show the content of our application.

Step 3 − For this, we need to add another class and derive it from the MFC”s CFrameWnd class and implement its constructor and a call the Create() method, which will create a frame/window as shown in the following code.

class CMyFrame : public CFrameWnd {
   public:
      CMyFrame() {
         Create(NULL, _T("MFC Application Tutorial"));
      }
};

Step 4 − As you can see that Create() method needs two parameters, the name of the class, which should be passed as NULL, and the name of the window, which is the string that will be shown on the title bar.

Main Window

After creating a window, to let the application use it, you can use a pointer to show the class used to create the window. In this case, the pointer would be CFrameWnd. To use the frame window, assign its pointer to the CWinThread::m_pMainWnd member variable. This is done in the InitInstance() implementation of your application.

Step 1 − Here is the implementation of InitInstance() in CExample class.

class CExample : public CWinApp {
   BOOL InitInstance() {
      CMyFrame *Frame = new CMyFrame();  m_pMainWnd = Frame;
      
      Frame->ShowWindow(SW_NORMAL);
      Frame->UpdateWindow();
      
      return TRUE;
   }
};

Step 2 − Following is the complete implementation of Example.cpp file.

#include <afxwin.h>

class CMyFrame : public CFrameWnd {
   public:
      CMyFrame() {
         Create(NULL, _T("MFC Application Tutorial"));
      }
};

class CExample : public CWinApp {
   BOOL InitInstance() {
      CMyFrame *Frame = new CMyFrame();
      m_pMainWnd = Frame;
      
      Frame->ShowWindow(SW_NORMAL);
      Frame->UpdateWindow();
      
      return TRUE;
   }
};

CExample theApp;

Step 3 − When we run the above application, the following window is created.

Windows Styles

Windows styles are characteristics that control features such as window appearance, borders, minimized or maximized state, or other resizing states, etc.

Step 1 − Let us look into a simple example in which we will add some styling. After creating a window, to display it to the user, we can apply the WS_VISIBLE style to it and additionally, we will also add WS_OVERLAPPED style. Here is an implementation −

class CMyFrame : public CFrameWnd {
   public:
      CMyFrame() {
         Create(NULL, _T("MFC Application Tutorial"), WS_VISIBLE | WS_OVERLAPPED);
      }
};

Step 2 − When you run this application, the following window is created.

You can now see that the minimize, maximize, and close options do not appear anymore.

Windows Location

To locate things displayed on the monitor, the computer uses a coordinate system similar to the Cartesian”s, but the origin is located on the top left corner of the screen. Using this coordinate system, any point can be located by its distance from the top left corner of the screen of the horizontal and the vertical axes.

The Win32 library provides a structure called POINT defined as follows −

typedef struct tagPOINT {
   LONG x;
   LONG y;
} POINT;

• The ‘x’ member variable is the distance from the left border of the screen to the point.

• The ‘y’ variable represents the distance from the top border of the screen to the point.

• Besides the Win32”s POINT structure, the Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) library provides the CPoint class.

• This provides the same functionality as the POINT structure. As a C++ class, it adds more functionality needed to locate a point. It provides two constructors.

CPoint();
CPoint(int X, int Y);

Windows Size

While a point is used to locate an object on the screen, each window has a size. The size provides two measures related to an object.

• The width of an object.
• The height of an object.

The Win32 library uses the SIZE structure defined as follows −

typedef struct tagSIZE {
   int cx;
   int cy;
} SIZE;

Besides the Win32”s SIZE structure, the MFC provides the CSize class. This class has the same functionality as SIZE but adds features of a C++ class. It provides five constructors that allow you to create a size variable in any way of your choice.

CSize();
CSize(int initCX, int initCY);
CSize(SIZE initSize);
CSize(POINT initPt);
CSize(DWORD dwSize);

Windows Dimensions

When a Window displays, it can be identified on the screen by its location with regards to the borders of the monitor. A Window can also be identified by its width and height. These characteristics are specified or controlled by the rect argument of the Create() method. This argument is a rectangle that can be created through the Win32 RECT structure.

typedef struct _RECT {
   LONG left;
   LONG top;
   LONG right;
   LONG bottom;
} RECT, *PRECT;

Besides the Win32”s RECT structure, the MFC provides the CRect class which has the following constructors −

CRect();
CRect(int l, int t, int r, int b);
CRect(const RECT& srcRect);
CRect(LPCRECT lpSrcRect);
CRect(POINT point, SIZE size);
CRect(POINT topLeft, POINT bottomRight);

Let us look into a simple example in which we will specify the location and the size of the window

class CMyFrame : public CFrameWnd {
   public:
      CMyFrame() {
         Create(NULL, _T("MFC Application Tutorial"), WS_SYSMENU, CRect(90, 120, 
            550, 480));
      }
};

When you run this application, the following window is created on the top left corner of your screen as specified in CRect constructor in the first two parameters. The last two parameters are the size of the Window.

Windows Parents

In the real world, many applications are made of different Windows. When an application uses various Windows, most of the objects depend on a particular one. It could be the first Window that was created or another window that you designated. Such a Window is referred to as the Parent Window. All the other windows depend on it directly or indirectly.

• If the Window you are creating is dependent of another, you can specify that it has a parent.

• This is done with the pParentWnd argument of the CFrameWnd::Create() method.

• If the Window does not have a parent, pass the argument with a NULL value.

Let us look into an example which has only one Window, and there is no parent Window available, so we will pass the argument with NULL value as shown in the following code −

class CMyFrame : public CFrameWnd {
   public:
      CMyFrame() {
         Create(NULL, _T("MFC Application Tutorial"), WS_SYSMENU, 
            CRect(90, 120, 550, 480), NULL);
      }
};

When you run the above application, you see the same output.

MFC – Dialog Boxes

In this chapter, we will be covering the Dialog boxes. Applications for Windows frequently communicate with the user through dialog boxes. CDialog class provides an interface for managing dialog boxes. The Visual C++ dialog editor makes it easy to design dialog boxes and create their dialog-template resources.

• Creating a dialog object is a two-phase operation −

  • Construct the dialog object.

  • Create the dialog window.

Let us look into a simple example by creating a new Win32 project.

Step 1 − Open the Visual studio and click on the File → New → Project menu option.

Step 2 − You can now see the New Project dialog box.

Step 3 − From the left pane, select Templates → Visual C++ → Win32.

Step 4 − In the middle pane, select Win32 Project.

Step 5 − Enter project name ‘MFCDialogDemo’ in the Name field and click OK to continue. You will see the following dialog.

Step 6 − Click Next.

Step 7 − Select the options shown in the dialog box given above and click Finish.

Step 8 − An empty project is created.

Step 9 − To make it a MFC project, right-click on the project and select Properties.

Step 10 − In the left section, click Configuration Properties → General.

Step 11 − Select the Use MFC in Shared DLL option in Project Defaults section and click OK.

Step 12 − Add a new source file.

Step 13 − Right-click on your Project and select Add → New Item.

Step 14 − In the Templates section, click C++ File (.cpp)

Step 15 − Set the Name as Example and click Add.

Step 16 − To create an application, we need to add a class and derive it from the MFC”s CWinApp.

#include <afxwin.h>

class CExample : public CWinApp {
   public:
      BOOL InitInstance();
};

Dialog Box Creation

Step 1 − To create a dialog box, right-click on the Resource Files folder in solution explorer and select Add → Resource.

Step 2 − In the Add Resource dialog box, select Dialog and click New.

Step 3 − A dialog box requires some preparation before actually programmatically creating it.

Step 4 − A dialog box can first be manually created as a text file (in a resource file).

Step 5 − You can now see the MFCDialogDemo.rc file created under Resource Files.

Step 6 − The resource file is open in designer. The same can be opened as a text file. Rightclick on the resource file and select Open With.

Step 7 − Select the Source Code (Text) editor and click Add button.

Step 8 − Go back to the designer and right-click on the dialog and select Properties.

Step 9 − You need to choose out of the many options.

Step 10 − Like most other controls, a dialog box must be identified. The identifier (ID) of a dialog box usually starts with IDD_, Let us change the ID to IDD_EXAMPLE_DLG.

Dialog Location

A dialog box must be “physically” located on an application. Because a dialog box is usually created as a parent to other controls, its location depends on its relationship to its parent window or to the desktop.

If you look and the Properties window, you see two fields, X Pos and Y Pos.

• X is the distance from the left border of the monitor to the left border of the dialog box.

• Y is the distance from the top border of the monitor to the top border of the dialog box.

By default, these fields are set to zero. You can also change as shown above.

If you specify these two dimensions as 0, the left and top borders of the dialog box would be set so the object appears in the center-middle of the screen.

Dialog Box Dimensions

The dimensions of a dialog box refer to its width and its height. You can resize the width and height with the help of mouse in designer window.

You can see the changes in width and height on the Status Bar.

Dialog Box Methods

The base class used for displaying dialog boxes on the screen is CDialog class. To create a dialog box, we need to derive a class from CDialog. The CDialog class itself provides three constructors which are as follows −

CDialog();
CDialog(UINT nIDTemplate, CWnd* pParentWnd = NULL);
CDialog(LPCTSTR lpszTemplateName, CWnd* pParentWnd = NULL);

Let us create another class CExampleDlg and derive it from CDialog. We will implement its default constructor destructor as shown in the following code.

class CExampleDlg : public CDialog {
   public:
      enum { IDD = IDD_EXAMPLE_DLG };
   
      CExampleDlg();
      ~CExampleDlg();
};

CExampleDlg::CExampleDlg():CDialog(CExampleDlg::IDD) {

}

CExampleDlg::~CExampleDlg() {

}

We need to instantiate this dialog on CExample::InitInstance() method as shown in the following code.

BOOL CExample::InitInstance() {
   CExampleDlg myDlg;
   m_pMainWnd = &myDlg;
   
   return TRUE;
}

Modal Dialog Boxes

There are two types of dialog boxes − modeless and modal. Modal and modeless dialog boxes differ by the process used to create and display them.

Modeless Dialog Box

• For a modeless dialog box, you must provide your own public constructor in your dialog class.

• To create a modeless dialog box, call your public constructor and then call the dialog object”s Create member function to load the dialog resource.

• You can call Create either during or after the constructor call. If the dialog resource has the property WS_VISIBLE, the dialog box appears immediately.

• If not, you must call its ShowWindow member function.

Modal Dialog

• To create a modal dialog box, call either of the two public constructors declared in CDialog.

• Next, call the dialog object”s DoModal member function to display the dialog box and manage interaction with it until the user chooses OK or Cancel.

• This management by DoModal is what makes the dialog box modal. For modal dialog boxes, DoModal loads the dialog resource.

Step 1 − To display the dialog box as modal, in the CExample::InitInstance() event call the DoModal() method using your dialog variable −

BOOL CExample::InitInstance() {
   CExampleDlg myDlg;
   m_pMainWnd = &myDlg;
   myDlg.DoModal();
   return TRUE;
}

Step 2 − Here is the complete implementation of Example.cpp file.

#include <afxwin.h>
#include "resource.h"

class CExample : public CWinApp {
   public:
      BOOL InitInstance();
};
   
class CExampleDlg : public CDialog {
   public:
      enum { IDD = IDD_EXAMPLE_DLG };
   
      CExampleDlg();
     ~CExampleDlg();
};

CExampleDlg::CExampleDlg():CDialog(CExampleDlg::IDD) {

}

CExampleDlg::~CExampleDlg() {

}

BOOL CExample::InitInstance() {
   CExampleDlg myDlg;
   m_pMainWnd = &myDlg;
   myDlg.DoModal();
   return TRUE;
}
CExample MyApp;

Step 3 − When the above code is compiled and executed, you will see the following dialog box.

Dialog-Based Applications

Microsoft Visual Studio provides an easier way to create an application that is mainly based on a dialog box. Here are the steps to create a dialog base project using project templates available in Visual Studio −

Step 1 − Open the Visual studio and click on the File → New → Project menu option. You can see the New Project dialog box.

Step 2 − From the left pane, select Templates → Visual C++ → MFC.

Step 3 − In the middle pane, select MFC Application.

Step 4 − Enter project name ‘MFCModalDemo’ in the Name field and click OK to continue. You will see the following dialog box.

Step 5 − Click Next.

Step 6 − Select the options shown in the above dialog box and click Next.

Step 7 − Check all the options that you choose to have on your dialog box like Maximize and Minimize Boxes and click Next.

Step 8 − Click Next.

Step 9 − It will generate these two classes. You can change the name of the classes and click Finish.

Step 10 − You can now see that the MFC wizard creates this Dialog Box and the project files by default.

Step 11 − When you run this application, you will see the following output.

MFC – Windows Resources

A resource is a text file that allows the compiler to manage objects such as pictures, sounds, mouse cursors, dialog boxes, etc. Microsoft Visual Studio makes creating a resource file particularly easy by providing the necessary tools in the same environment used to program. This means, you usually do not have to use an external application to create or configure a resource file. Following are some important features related to resources.

• Resources are interface elements that provide information to the user.

• Bitmaps, icons, toolbars, and cursors are all resources.

• Some resources can be manipulated to perform an action such as selecting from a menu or entering data in dialog box.

• An application can use various resources that behave independently of each other, these resources are grouped into a text file that has the *.rc extension.

• Most resources are created by selecting the desired one from the Add Resource dialog box.

• The Add Resource dialog box provides an extensive list of resources which can be used as per requirements, but if you need something which is not available then you can add it manually to the *.rc file before executing the program.

Identifiers

An identifier is a symbol which is a constant integer whose name usually starts with ID. It consists of two parts − a text string (symbol name) mapped to an integer value (symbol value).

• Symbols provide a descriptive way of referring to resources and user-interface objects, both in your source code and while you”re working with them in the resource editors.

• When you create a new resource or resource object, the resource editors provide a default name for the resource, for example, IDC_DIALOG1, and assign a value to it.

• The name-plus-value definition is stored in the Resource.h file.

Step 1 − Let us look into our CMFCDialogDemo example from the last chapter in which we have created a dialog box and its ID is IDD_EXAMPLE_DLG.

Step 2 − Go to the Solution Explorer, you will see the resource.h file under Header Files. Continue by opening this file in editor and you will see the dialog box identifier and its integer value as well.

Icons

An icon is a small picture used on a window which represents an application. It is used in two main scenarios.

• On a Window”s frame, it is displayed on the left side of the Window name on the title bar.

• In Windows Explorer, on the Desktop, in My Computer, or in the Control Panel window.

If you look at our MFCModalDemo example, you will see that Visual studio was using a default icon for the title bar as shown in the following snapshot.

You can create your own icon by following the steps given below −

Step 1 − Right-click on your project and select Add → Resources, you will see the Add Resources dialog box.

Step 2 − Select Icon and click New button and you will see the following icon.

Step 3 − In Solution Explorer, go to Resource View and expand MFCModalDemo > Icon. You will see two icons. The IDR_MAINFRAME is the default one and IDI_ICON1 is the newly created icon.

Step 4 − Right-click on the newly Created icon and select Properties.

Step 5 − IDI_ICON1 is the ID of this icon, now Let us change this ID to IDR_MYICON.

Step 6 − You can now change this icon in the designer as per your requirements. We will use the same icon.

Step 7 − Save this icon.

Step 8 − Go to the CMFCModalDemoDlg constructor in CMFCModalDemoDlg.cpp file which will look like the following code.

CMFCModalDemoDlg::CMFCModalDemoDlg(CWnd* pParent /* = NULL*/)
   : CDialogEx(IDD_MFCMODALDEMO_DIALOG, pParent) {
   m_hIcon = AfxGetApp() -> LoadIcon(IDR_MAINFRAME);
}

Step 9 − You can now see that the default icon is loaded in the constructor. Let us change it to IDR_ MYICON as shown in the following code.

CMFCModalDemoDlg::CMFCModalDemoDlg(CWnd* pParent /* = NULL*/)
   : CDialogEx(IDD_MFCMODALDEMO_DIALOG, pParent) {
   m_hIcon = AfxGetApp() -> LoadIcon(IDR_ MYICON);
}

Step 10 − When the above code is compiled and executed, you will see the new icon is displayed on the dialog box.

Menus

Menus allow you to arrange commands in a logical and easy-to-find fashion. With the Menu editor, you can create and edit menus by working directly with a menu bar that closely resembles the one in your finished application. To create a menu, follow the steps given below −

Step 1 − Right-click on your project and select Add → Resources. You will see the Add Resources dialog box.

Step 2 − Select Menu and click New. You will see the rectangle that contains “Type Here” on the menu bar.

Step 3 − Write some menu options like File, Edit, etc. as shown in the following snapshot.

Step 4 − If you expand the Menu folder in Resource View, you will see the Menu identifier IDR_MENU1. Right-click on this identifier and change it to IDM_MAINMENU.

Step 5 − Save all the changes.

Step 6 − We need to attach this menu to our dialog box. Expand your Dialog folder in Solution Explorer and double click on the dialog box identifier.

Step 7 − You will see the menu field in the Properties. Select the Menu identifier from the dropdown as shown above.

Step 8 − Run this application and you will see the following dialog box which also contains menu options.

Toolbars

A toolbar is a Windows control that allows the user to perform some actions on a form by clicking a button instead of using a menu.

• A toolbar provides a convenient group of buttons that simplifies the user”s job by bringing the most accessible actions as buttons.

• A toolbar can bring such common actions closer to the user.

• Toolbars usually display under the main menu.

• They can be equipped with buttons but sometimes their buttons or some of their buttons have a caption.

• Toolbars can also be equipped with other types of controls.

To create a toolbar, following are the steps.

Step 1 − Right-click on your project and select Add → Resources. You will see the Add Resources dialog box.

Step 2 − Select Toolbar and click New. You will see the following screen.

Step 3 − Design your toolbar in the designer as shown in the following screenshot and specify the IDs as well.

Step 4 − Add these two variables in CMFCModalDemoDlg class.

   CToolBar m_wndToolBar;
   BOOL butD;

Step 5 − Following is the complete implementation of CMFCModalDemoDlg in CMFCModalDemoDlg.h file −

class CMFCModalDemoDlg : public CDialogEx {
   // Construction
   public:
      CMFCModalDemoDlg(CWnd* pParent = NULL); // standard constructor
   // Dialog Data
   #ifdef AFX_DESIGN_TIME
      enum { IDD = IDD_MFCMODALDEMO_DIALOG };
   #endif

   protected:
      virtual void DoDataExchange(CDataExchange* pDX); // DDX/DDV support
   
   // Implementation
   protected:
      HICON m_hIcon;
      CToolBar m_wndToolBar;
      BOOL butD;
   
      // Generated message map functions
      virtual BOOL OnInitDialog();
      afx_msg void OnPaint();
      afx_msg HCURSOR OnQueryDragIcon();
      DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
	
   public:
      afx_msg void OnBnClickedOk();
};

Step 6 − Update CMFCModalDemoDlg::OnInitDialog() as shown in the following code.

BOOL CMFCModalDemoDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();
   
   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);       // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);      // Set small icon
   
   if (!m_wndToolBar.Create(this)
      || !m_wndToolBar.LoadToolBar(IDR_TOOLBAR1))
      //if (!m_wndToolBar.CreateEx(this, TBSTYLE_FLAT, WS_CHILD |
      // WS_VISIBLE | CBRS_TOP | CBRS_GRIPPER | CBRS_TOOLTIPS |
      // CBRS_FLYBY | CBRS_SIZE_DYNAMIC) ||
      // !m_wndToolBar.LoadToolBar(IDR_TOOLBAR1)) {
         TRACE0("Failed to Create Dialog Toolbarn");
         EndDialog(IDCANCEL);
      }
      butD = TRUE;
      CRect rcClientOld; // Old Client Rect
      CRect rcClientNew; // New Client Rect with Tollbar Added
		
      // Retrive the Old Client WindowSize
      // Called to reposition and resize control bars in the client area of a window
      // The reposQuery FLAG does not really traw the Toolbar. It only does the calculations.
      // And puts the new ClientRect values in rcClientNew so we can do the rest of the Math.
      
      GetClientRect(rcClientOld);
      RepositionBars(AFX_IDW_CONTROLBAR_FIRST, AFX_IDW_CONTROLBAR_LAST, 0, reposQuery, rcClientNew);
      // All of the Child Windows (Controls) now need to be moved so the Tollbar does not cover them up.
      // Offest to move all child controls after adding Tollbar 
      CPoint ptOffset(rcClientNew.left - rcClientOld.left, rcClientNew.top - rcClientOld.top); 
		 
      CRect rcChild;
      CWnd* pwndChild = GetWindow(GW_CHILD); //Handle to the Dialog Controls
      
      while (pwndChild) // Cycle through all child controls {
         pwndChild -> GetWindowRect(rcChild); // Get the child control RECT
         ScreenToClient(rcChild);
          
         // Changes the Child Rect by the values of the claculated offset
         rcChild.OffsetRect(ptOffset);
         pwndChild -> MoveWindow(rcChild, FALSE); // Move the Child Control
         pwndChild = pwndChild -> GetNextWindow();
      }
       
      CRect rcWindow;
      // Get the RECT of the Dialog
      GetWindowRect(rcWindow);
       
      // Increase width to new Client Width
      rcWindow.right += rcClientOld.Width() - rcClientNew.Width();
       
      // Increase height to new Client Height
       rcWindow.bottom += rcClientOld.Height() - rcClientNew.Height();
      // Redraw Window
      MoveWindow(rcWindow, FALSE);
       
      // Now we REALLY Redraw the Toolbar
      RepositionBars(AFX_IDW_CONTROLBAR_FIRST, AFX_IDW_CONTROLBAR_LAST, 0);
       
   // TODO: Add extra initialization here

   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

Step 7 − Run this application. You will see the following dialog box which also contains the toolbar.

Accelerators

An access key is a letter that allows the user to perform a menu action faster by using the keyboard instead of the mouse. This is usually faster because the user would not need to position the mouse anywhere, which reduces the time it takes to perform the action.

Step 1 − To create an access key, type an ampersand “&” on the left of the menu item.

Step 2 − Repeat this step for all menu options. Run this application and press Alt. You will see that the first letter of all menu options are underlined.

Shortcut Key

A shortcut key is a key or a combination of keys used by advanced users to perform an action that would otherwise be done on a menu item. Most shortcuts are a combination of the Ctrl key simultaneously pressed with a letter key. For example, Ctrl + N, Ctrl + O, or Ctrl + D.

To create a shortcut, on the right side of the string that makes up a menu caption, rightclick on the menu item and select properties.

In the Caption field type t followed by the desired combination as shown below for the New menu option. Repeat the step for all menu options.

Accelerator Table

An Accelerator Table is a list of items where each item of the table combines an identifier, a shortcut key, and a constant number that specifies the kind of accelerator key. Just like the other resources, an accelerator table can be created manually in a .rc file. Following are the steps to create an accelerator table.

Step 1 − To create an accelerator table, right-click on *.rc file in the solution explorer.

Step 2 − Select Accelerator and click New.

Step 3 − Click the arrow of the ID combo box and select menu Items.

Step 4 − Select Ctrl from the Modifier dropdown.

Step 5 − Click the Key box and type the respective Keys for both menu options.

We will also add New menu item event handler to testing. Right-click on the New menu option.

Step 6 − You can specify a class, message type and handler name. For now, let us leave it as it is and click Add and Edit button.

Step 7 − Select Add Event Handler.

Step 8 − You will now see the event added at the end of the CMFCModalDemoDlg.cpp file.

void CMFCModalDemoDlg::OnFileNew() {
   // TODO: Add your command handler code here
   MessageBox(L"File > New menu option");
}

Step 9 − Now Let us add a message box that will display the simple menu option message.

To start accelerator table in working add the HACCEL variable and ProcessMessageFilter as shown in the following CMFCModalDemoApp.

class CMFCModalDemoApp : public CWinApp {
   public:
      CMFCModalDemoApp();
   
   // Overrides
   public:
      virtual BOOL InitInstance();
      HACCEL m_hAccelTable;
      
      // Implementation

      DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
      virtual BOOL ProcessMessageFilter(int code, LPMSG lpMsg);
};

Step 10 − Load Accelerator and the following call in the CMFCModalDemoApp::InitInstance().

m_hAccelTable = LoadAccelerators(AfxGetInstanceHandle(),
   MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDR_ACCELERATOR1));

Step 11 − Here is the implementation of ProcessMessageFilter.

BOOL CMFCModalDemoApp::ProcessMessageFilter(int code, LPMSG lpMsg) {
   if (code >= 0 && m_pMainWnd && m_hAccelTable) {
      if (::TranslateAccelerator(m_pMainWnd -> m_hWnd, m_hAccelTable, lpMsg))
      return TRUE;
   }
   return CWinApp::ProcessMessageFilter(code, lpMsg);
}

Step 12 − When the above code is compiled and executed, you will see the following output.

Step 13 − Press Alt button followed by F key and then N key or Ctrl + N. You will see the following message.

MFC – Property Sheets

A property sheet, also known as a tab dialog box, is a dialog box that contains property pages. Each property page is based on a dialog template resource and contains controls. It is enclosed on a page with a tab on top. The tab names the page and indicates its purpose. Users click a tab in the property sheet to select a set of controls.

To create property pages, let us look into a simple example by creating a dialog based MFC project.

Once the project is created, we need to add some property pages.

Visual Studio makes it easy to create resources for property pages by displaying the Add Resource dialog box, expanding the Dialog node and selecting one of the IDD_PROPPAGE_X items.

Step 1 − Right-click on your project in solution explorer and select Add → Resources.

Step 2 − Select the IDD_PROPPAGE_LARGE and click NEW.

Step 3 − Let us change ID and Caption of this property page to IDD_PROPPAGE_1 and Property Page 1 respectively as shown above.

Step 4 − Right-click on the property page in designer window.

Step 5 − Select the Add Class option.

Step 6 − Enter the class name and select CPropertyPage from base class dropdown list.

Step 7 − Click Finish to continue.

Step 8 − Add one more property page with ID IDD_PROPPAGE_2 and Caption Property Page 2 by following the above mentioned steps.

Step 9 − You can now see two property pages created. To implement its functionality, we need a property sheet.

The Property Sheet groups the property pages together and keeps it as entity.

To create a property sheet, follow the steps given below −

Step 1 − Right-click on your project and select Add > Class menu options.

Step 2 − Select Visual C++ → MFC from the left pane and MFC Class in the template pane and click Add.

Step 3 − Enter the class name and select CPropertySheet from base class dropdown list.

Step 4 − Click finish to continue.

Step 5 − To launch this property sheet, we need the following changes in our main project class.

Step 6 − Add the following references in CMFCPropSheetDemo.cpp file.

#include "MySheet.h"
#include "PropPage1.h"
#include "PropPage2.h"

Step 7 − Modify the CMFCPropSheetDemoApp::InitInstance() method as shown in the following code.

CMySheet mySheet(L"Property Sheet Demo");
CPropPage1 page1;
CPropPage2 page2;

mySheet.AddPage(&page1);
mySheet.AddPage(&page2);

m_pMainWnd = &mySheet;
INT_PTR nResponse = mySheet.DoModal();

Step 8 − Here is the complete implementation of CMFCPropSheetDemo.cpp file.

// MFCPropSheetDemo.cpp : Defines the class behaviors for the application.
//
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "MFCPropSheetDemo.h"
#include "MFCPropSheetDemoDlg.h"
#include "MySheet.h"
#include "PropPage1.h"
#include "PropPage2.h"

#ifdef _DEBUG
#define new DEBUG_NEW
#endif


// CMFCPropSheetDemoApp
BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMFCPropSheetDemoApp, CWinApp)
   ON_COMMAND(ID_HELP, &CWinApp::OnHelp)
END_MESSAGE_MAP()


// CMFCPropSheetDemoApp construction

CMFCPropSheetDemoApp::CMFCPropSheetDemoApp() {

   // support Restart Manager
   m_dwRestartManagerSupportFlags = AFX_RESTART_MANAGER_SUPPORT_RESTART;
   // TODO: add construction code here,
   // Place all significant initialization in InitInstance
}


// The one and only CMFCPropSheetDemoApp object

CMFCPropSheetDemoApp theApp;


// CMFCPropSheetDemoApp initialization

BOOL CMFCPropSheetDemoApp::InitInstance() {
   
   // InitCommonControlsEx() is required on Windows XP if an application
   // manifest specifies use of ComCtl32.dll version 6 or later to enable
   // visual styles. Otherwise, any window creation will fail.
   INITCOMMONCONTROLSEX InitCtrls;
   InitCtrls.dwSize = sizeof(InitCtrls);
   // Set this to include all the common control classes you want to use
   // in your application.
   InitCtrls.dwICC = ICC_WIN95_CLASSES;
   InitCommonControlsEx(&InitCtrls);
   
   CWinApp::InitInstance();
   
   
   AfxEnableControlContainer();
   
   // Create the shell manager, in case the dialog contains
   // any shell tree view or shell list view controls.
   CShellManager *pShellManager = new CShellManager;

   // Activate "Windows Native" visual manager for enabling themes in MFC controls
   CMFCVisualManager::SetDefaultManager(RUNTIME_CLASS(CMFCVisualManagerWindows));
   // Standard initialization
   // If you are not using these features and wish to reduce the size
   // of your final executable, you should remove from the following
   // the specific initialization routines you do not need
   // Change the registry key under which our settings are stored
   // TODO: You should modify this string to be something appropriate
   // such as the name of your company or organization
   SetRegistryKey(_T("Local AppWizard-Generated Applications"));
   
   CMySheet mySheet(L"Property Sheet Demo");
   CPropPage1 page1;
   CPropPage2 page2;
   
   mySheet.AddPage(&page1);
   mySheet.AddPage(&page2);
   
   m_pMainWnd = &mySheet;
   INT_PTR nResponse = mySheet.DoModal();
   if (nResponse == IDOK) {
      // TODO: Place code here to handle when the dialog is
      // dismissed with OK
   }else if (nResponse == IDCANCEL) {
      // TODO: Place code here to handle when the dialog is
      // dismissed with Cancel
   }else if (nResponse == -1) {    
      TRACE(traceAppMsg, 0, "Warning: dialog creation failed, 
        so application is terminating unexpectedly.n");
      TRACE(traceAppMsg, 0, "Warning: if you are using MFC controls on the dialog, 
        you cannot #define _AFX_NO_MFC_CONTROLS_IN_DIALOGS.n");
   }

   // Delete the shell manager created above.
   if (pShellManager != NULL) {
      delete pShellManager;
   }

   // Since the dialog has been closed, return FALSE so that we exit the
   // application, rather than start the application''s message pump.
   return FALSE;
}

Step 9 − When the above code is compiled and executed, you will see the following dialog box. This dialog box contains two property pages.

MFC – Windows Layout

Layout of controls is very important and critical for application usability. It is used to arrange a group of GUI elements in your application. There are certain important things to consider while selecting layout −

• Positions of the child elements.
• Sizes of the child elements.

Adding controls

Let us create new Dialog based MFC Project MFCLayoutDemo.

Step 1 − Once the project is created, you will see the following screen.

Step 2 − Delete the TODO from the dialog box.

Step 3 − Drag some controls from the Toolbox which you can see on the left side.

(We will drag one Static Text and one Edit Control as shown in the following snapshot).

Step 4 − Change the Caption of the Static Text to Name.

Control Grid

Control grid is the guiding grid dots, which can help in positioning of the controls you are adding at the time of designing.

To enable the control grid, you need to click the Toggle Grid button in the toolbar as shown in the following snapshot.

Controls Resizing

After you have added a control to a dialog box, it assumes either its default size or the size you drew it with. To help with the sizes of controls on the form or dialog box, Visual Studio provides a visual grid made of black points.

To resize a control, that is, to give it a particular width or height, position the mouse on one of the handles and drag it in the desired direction.

You can now resize the controls with the help of this dotted grid.

Controls Positions

The controls you position on a dialog box or a form assume their given place. Most of the time, these positions are not practical. You can move them around to any position of your choice.

Let us add some more controls −

Step 1 − To move a control, click and drag it in the desired direction until it reaches the intended position.

Step 2 − To move a group of controls, first select them. Then drag the selection to the desired location. Let us select the Static Texts and Edit Controls.

Step 3 − Move these selected controls to the left side.

To help with positioning the controls, Visual Studio provides the Dialog toolbar with the following buttons.

Step 1 − Let us align the Check box and Static Text controls to the left by selecting all these controls.

Step 2 − Select the Format → Align → Lefts.

Step 3 − You can now see all these controls are aligned to the left.

Tab Ordering

The controls you add to a form or a dialog box are positioned in a sequence that follows the order they were added. When you add control(s) regardless of the section or area you place the new control, it is sequentially positioned at the end of the existing controls. If you do not fix it, the user would have a hard time navigating the controls. The sequence of controls navigation is also known as the tab order.

To change the tab, you can either use the Format → Tab Order menu option or you can also use the Ctrl + D shortcut. Let us press Ctrl + D.

You can now see the order in which all these controls are added to this dialog box. To Change the order or sequence of controls, click on all the controls in sequence in which you want to navigate.

In this example, we will first click on the checkbox followed by Name and Address Edit controls. Then click OK and Cancel as shown in the following snapshot.

Let us run this application and you will see the following output.

MFC – Controls Management

In MFC applications, after visually adding a control to your application, if you want to refer to it in your code, you can declare a variable based on, or associated with that control. The MFC library allows you to declare two types of variables for some of the controls used in an application a value or a control variable.

• One variable is used for the information stored in the control, which is also known as Control Variable/Instance.

• The other variable is known as Control Value Variable. A user can perform some sort of actions on that control with this variable.

Control Variable/Instance

A control variable is a variable based on the class that manages the control. For example, a button control is based on the CButton class.

To see these concepts in real programming, let us create an MFC dialog based project MFCControlManagement.

Once the project is created, you will see the following dialog box in designer window.

Step 1 − Delete the TODO line and drag one checkbox and one Edit control as shown in the following snapshot. Change the caption of checkbox to Enable Control.

Step 2 − Right-click on the checkbox.

Step 3 − Select Add Variable.

Step 4 − You can now see the Add Member Variable Wizard.

You can select different options on this dialog box. For checkbox, the variable type is CButton. It is selected by default in this dialog box.

Similarly, the control ID is also selected by default now we need to select Control in the Category combo box, and type m_enableDisableCheck in the Variable Name edit box and click finish.

Step 5 − Similarly, add Control Variable of Edit control with the settings as shown in the following snapshot.

Observe the header file of the dialog class. You can see that the new variables have been added now.

CButton m_enableDisableCheck;
CEdit m_myEditControl;

Control Value Variable

Another type of variable you can declare for a control is the value variable. Not all controls provide a value variable.

• The value variable must be able to handle the type of value stored in the control it is intended to refer to.

• For example, because a text based control is used to handle text, you can declare a text-based data type for it. This would usually be a CString variable.

Let us look into this type of variable for checkbox and edit control.

Step 1 − Right-click on the checkbox and select Add Variable.

Step 2 − The Variable type is BOOL. Select Value from the Category dropdown list.

Step 3 − Click Finish to continue.

Step 4 − Similarly, add value Variable for Edit control with the settings as shown in the following snapshot.

Step 5 − Type CString in variable type and m_editControlVal in the variable name field.

Step 6 − You can now see these variables added in the Header file.

bool m_enableDisableVal;
CString m_editControlVal;

Controls Event Handlers

After adding a control to your application, whether you visually added it or created it dynamically, you will also decide how to handle the possible actions that the user can perform on the control.

• For project dialog boxes that are already associated with a class, you can take advantage of some shortcuts when you create event handlers.

• You can quickly create a handler either for the default control notification event or for any applicable Windows message.

Let us look into the same example in which we added event handler for checkbox.

Step 1 − Right-click the control for which you want to handle the notification event.

Step 2 − On the shortcut menu, click Add Event Handler to display the Event Handler Wizard.

Step 3 − Select the event in the Message type box to add to the class selected in the Class list box.

Step 4 − Accept the default name in the Function handler name box, or provide the name of your choice.

Step 5 − Click Add and edit to add the event handler.

Step 6 − You can now see the following event added at the end of CMFCControlManagementDlg.cpp file.

void CMFCControlManagementDlg::OnBnClickedCheck1() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
}

Controls Management

So far, we have seen how to add controls to an application. We will now see how to manage these controls as per user requirement. We can use the control variable/instance in a particular event handler.

Step 1 − Let us look into the following example. Here, we will enable/disable the edit control when the checkbox is checked/unchecked.

Step 2 − We have now added the checkbox click event handler. Here is the implementation −

void CMFCControlManagementDlg::OnBnClickedCheck1() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   UpdateData(TRUE);
   if (m_enableDisableVal)
      m_myEditControl.EnableWindow(TRUE);
   else
      m_myEditControl.EnableWindow(FALSE);
}

Step 3 − When the dialog is created, we need to add the following code to CMFCControlManagementDlg::OnInitDialog(). This will manage these controls.

UpdateData(TRUE);
if (m_enableDisableVal)
   m_myEditControl.EnableWindow(TRUE);
else
   m_myEditControl.EnableWindow(FALSE);

Step 4 − Here is the complete implementation of CMFCControlManagementDlg.cpp file.

// MFCControlManagementDlg.cpp : implementation file
//

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "MFCControlManagement.h"
#include "MFCControlManagementDlg.h"
#include "afxdialogex.h"

#ifdef _DEBUG
#define new DEBUG_NEW
#endif


// CAboutDlg dialog used for App About

class CAboutDlg : public CDialogEx {
   public:
      CAboutDlg();
	
   // Dialog Data
   #ifdef AFX_DESIGN_TIME
      enum { IDD = IDD_ABOUTBOX };
   #endif

   protected:
      virtual void DoDataExchange(CDataExchange* pDX); // DDX/DDV support
      
   // Implementation
   protected:
      DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
};

CAboutDlg::CAboutDlg() : CDialogEx(IDD_ABOUTBOX) {

}
void CAboutDlg::DoDataExchange(CDataExchange* pDX) {
   CDialogEx::DoDataExchange(pDX);
}

BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CAboutDlg, CDialogEx)
END_MESSAGE_MAP()

// CMFCControlManagementDlg dialog


CMFCControlManagementDlg::CMFCControlManagementDlg(CWnd* pParent /* = NULL*/)
   :CDialogEx(IDD_MFCCONTROLMANAGEMENT_DIALOG, pParent) , 
   m_enableDisableVal(FALSE) , m_editControlVal(_T("")) {
   m_hIcon = AfxGetApp()&rarr LoadIcon(IDR_MAINFRAME);
}

void CMFCControlManagementDlg::DoDataExchange(CDataExchange* pDX) {
   CDialogEx::DoDataExchange(pDX);
   DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_CHECK1, m_enableDisableCheck);
   DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_EDIT1, m_myEditControl);
   DDX_Check(pDX, IDC_CHECK1, m_enableDisableVal);
   DDX_Text(pDX, IDC_EDIT1, m_editControlVal);
}
BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMFCControlManagementDlg, CDialogEx)
   ON_WM_SYSCOMMAND()
   ON_WM_PAINT()
   ON_WM_QUERYDRAGICON()
   ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_CHECK1, &CMFCControlManagementDlg::OnBnClickedCheck1)
END_MESSAGE_MAP()

// CMFCControlManagementDlg message handlers

BOOL CMFCControlManagementDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();
      
   // Add "About..." menu item to system menu.
   // IDM_ABOUTBOX must be in the system command range.
   ASSERT((IDM_ABOUTBOX & 0xFFF0) == IDM_ABOUTBOX);
   ASSERT(IDM_ABOUTBOX < 0xF000);
      
   CMenu* pSysMenu = GetSystemMenu(FALSE);
   if (pSysMenu != NULL) {
      BOOL bNameValid;
      CString strAboutMenu;
      bNameValid = strAboutMenu.LoadString(IDS_ABOUTBOX);
      ASSERT(bNameValid);
      if (!strAboutMenu.IsEmpty()) {
         pSysMenu → AppendMenu(MF_SEPARATOR);
         pSysMenu → AppendMenu(MF_STRING, IDM_ABOUTBOX, strAboutMenu);
      }
   }
	
   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);        // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);       // Set small icon

   // TODO: Add extra initialization here
   UpdateData(TRUE);
   if (m_enableDisableVal)
      m_myEditControl.EnableWindow(TRUE);
   else
      m_myEditControl.EnableWindow(FALSE);
   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}
void CMFCControlManagementDlg::OnSysCommand(UINT nID, LPARAM lParam) {
   if ((nID & 0xFFF0) == IDM_ABOUTBOX) {
      CAboutDlg dlgAbout;
      dlgAbout.DoModal();
   }else {
      CDialogEx::OnSysCommand(nID, lParam);
   }
}

// If you add a minimize button to your dialog, you will need the code below
// to draw the icon. For MFC applications using the document/view model,
// this is automatically done for you by the framework.

void CMFCControlManagementDlg::OnPaint() {
   if (IsIconic()) {
      CPaintDC dc(this); // device context for painting
      
      SendMessage(WM_ICONERASEBKGND,
         reinterpret_cast<WPARAM>(dc.GetSafeHdc()), 0);
			
      // Center icon in client rectangle
      int cxIcon = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXICON);
      int cyIcon = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYICON);
      CRect rect;
      GetClientRect(&rect);
      int x = (rect.Width() - cxIcon + 1) / 2;
      int y = (rect.Height() - cyIcon + 1) / 2;
		
      // Draw the icon
      dc.DrawIcon(x, y, m_hIcon);
   }else {
      CDialogEx::OnPaint();
   }
}

// The system calls this function to obtain the cursor to display while the user drags
// the minimized window.
HCURSOR CMFCControlManagementDlg::OnQueryDragIcon() {
   return static_cast<HCURSOR>(m_hIcon);
}

void CMFCControlManagementDlg::OnBnClickedCheck1() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   UpdateData(TRUE);
   if (m_enableDisableVal)
      m_myEditControl.EnableWindow(TRUE);
   else
      m_myEditControl.EnableWindow(FALSE);
}

Step 5 − When the above code is compiled and executed, you will see the following output. The checkbox is unchecked by default. This disables the edit control too.

Step 6 − Check the Enable Control checkbox. This will automatically enable the edit control.

MFC – Windows Control

Windows controls are objects that users can interact with to enter or manipulate data. They commonly appear in dialog boxes or on toolbars. There are various types of controls −

• A text based control which is used to display text to the user or request text from the user.

• A list based control displays a list of items.

• A progress based control is used to show the progress of an action.

• A static control can be used to show colors, a picture or something that does not regularly fit in the above categories.

MFC – Messages & Events

An application is made of various objects. Most of the time, more than one application is running on the computer and the operating system is constantly asked to perform some assignments. Because there can be so many requests presented unpredictably, the operating system leaves it up to the objects to specify what they want, when they want it, and what behavior or result they expect.

Overview

• The Microsoft Windows operating system cannot predict what kinds of requests one object would need to be taken care of and what type of assignment another object would need.

• To manage all these assignments and requests, the objects send messages.

• Each object has the responsibility to decided what message to send and when.

• In order to send a message, a control must create an event.

• To make a distinction between the two, a message”s name usually starts with WM_ which stands for Window Message.

• The name of an event usually starts with On which indicates an action.

• The event is the action of sending the message.

Map of Messages

Since Windows is a message-oriented operating system, a large portion of programming for the Windows environment involves message handling. Each time an event such as a keystroke or mouse click occurs, a message is sent to the application, which must then handle the event.

• For the compiler to manage messages, they should be included in the class definition.

• The DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP macro should be provided at the end of the class definition as shown in the following code.

class CMainFrame : public CFrameWnd {
   public:
      CMainFrame();
   protected:
      DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
};

• The actual messages should be listed just above the DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP line.

• To implement the messages, you need to create a table of messages that your program is using.

• This table uses two delimiting macros;

• Its starts with a BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP and ends with an END_MESSAGE_MAP macros.

• The BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP macro takes two arguments, the name of your class and the MFC class you derived your class from as shown in the following code.

#include <afxwin.h>
class CMainFrame : public CFrameWnd {
   public:
      CMainFrame();
   protected:
      DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
};
CMainFrame::CMainFrame() {

   // Create the window''s frame
   Create(NULL, L"MFC Messages Demo", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
                                      CRect(120, 100, 700, 480), NULL);
}
class CMessagesApp : public CWinApp {
   public:
      BOOL InitInstance();
};
BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMainFrame, CFrameWnd)
END_MESSAGE_MAP()
BOOL CMessagesApp::InitInstance(){
   m_pMainWnd = new CMainFrame;
   m_pMainWnd->ShowWindow(SW_SHOW);
   m_pMainWnd->UpdateWindow();
   return TRUE;
}
CMessagesApp theApp;

Let us look into a simple example by creating a new Win32 project.

Step 1 − To create an MFC project, right-click on the project and select Properties.

Step 2 − In the left section, click Configuration Properties → General.

Step 3 − Select the ‘Use MFC in Shared DLL’ option in Project Defaults section and click OK.

Step 4 − We need to add a new source file.

Step 5 − Right-click on your Project and select Add → New Item.

Step 6 − In the Templates section, click C++ File (.cpp).

Step 7 − Click Add to Continue.

Step 8 − Now, add the following code in the *.cpp file.

#include <afxwin.h>
class CMainFrame : public CFrameWnd {
   public:
      CMainFrame();
   protected:
      DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
};

CMainFrame::CMainFrame() {
   // Create the window''s frame
   Create(NULL, L"MFC Messages Demo", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
      CRect(120, 100, 700, 480), NULL);
}

class CMessagesApp : public CWinApp {
   public:
      BOOL InitInstance();
};

BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMainFrame, CFrameWnd)
END_MESSAGE_MAP()
BOOL CMessagesApp::InitInstance() {
   m_pMainWnd = new CMainFrame;
   m_pMainWnd->ShowWindow(SW_SHOW);
   m_pMainWnd->UpdateWindow();
   return TRUE;
}
CMessagesApp theApp;

Windows Messages

There are different types of Windows messages like creating a window, showing a window etc. Here are some of the commonly used windows messages.

class CMainFrame : public CFrameWnd {
   public:
      CMainFrame();
   protected:
      afx_msg int OnCreate(LPCREATESTRUCT lpCreateStruct);
      DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
};

BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMainFrame, CFrameWnd)
   ON_WM_CREATE()
END_MESSAGE_MAP()

int CMainFrame::OnCreate(LPCREATESTRUCT lpCreateStruct) {
   // Call the base class to create the window
   if (CFrameWnd::OnCreate(lpCreateStruct) == 0) {

      // If the window was successfully created, let the user know
      MessageBox(L"The window has been created!!!");
      // Since the window was successfully created, return 0
      return 0;
   }
   // Otherwise, return -1
   return -1;
}

#include <afxwin.h>
class CMainFrame : public CFrameWnd {
   public:
      CMainFrame();
   protected:
      afx_msg int OnCreate(LPCREATESTRUCT lpCreateStruct);
      DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
};
CMainFrame::CMainFrame() {

   // Create the window''s frame
   Create(NULL, L"MFC Messages Demo", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
      CRect(120, 100, 700, 480), NULL);
}
class CMessagesApp : public CWinApp {
   public:
      BOOL InitInstance();
};
BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMainFrame, CFrameWnd)
   ON_WM_CREATE()
END_MESSAGE_MAP()
int CMainFrame::OnCreate(LPCREATESTRUCT lpCreateStruct) {
   // Call the base class to create the window
   if (CFrameWnd::OnCreate(lpCreateStruct) == 0) {
      // If the window was successfully created, let the user know
      MessageBox(L"The window has been created!!!");
      // Since the window was successfully created, return 0
      return 0;
   }
   // Otherwise, return -1
   return -1;
}
BOOL CMessagesApp::InitInstance() { 
   m_pMainWnd = new CMainFrame;
   m_pMainWnd -> ShowWindow(SW_SHOW);
   m_pMainWnd -> UpdateWindow();
   return TRUE;
}
CMessagesApp theApp;

afx_msg void OnFileNew();

BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMainFrame, CFrameWnd)
   ON_COMMAND(ID_FILE_NEW, CMainFrame::OnFileNew)
END_MESSAGE_MAP()

void CMainFrame::OnFileNew() {
   // Create New file
}

afx_msg void OnKeyDown(UINT nChar, UINT nRepCnt, UINT nFlags);

BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMainFrame, CFrameWnd)
   ON_WM_CREATE()
   ON_WM_KEYDOWN()
END_MESSAGE_MAP()

void CMainFrame::OnKeyDown(UINT nChar, UINT nRepCnt, UINT nFlags) {
   switch (nChar) {

      case VK_RETURN:
         MessageBox(L"You pressed Enter");
         break;
      case VK_F1:
         MessageBox(L"Help is not available at the moment");
         break;
      case VK_DELETE:
         MessageBox(L"Can''t Delete This");
         break;
      default:
         MessageBox(L"Whatever");
   }
}

class CMainFrame : public CFrameWnd {
   public:
      CMainFrame();
   protected:
      afx_msg void OnKeyDown(UINT nChar, UINT nRepCnt, UINT nFlags);
      afx_msg void OnLButtonDown(UINT nFlags, CPoint point);
      afx_msg void OnRButtonUp(UINT nFlags, CPoint point);
      DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
};

BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMainFrame, CFrameWnd)
   ON_WM_KEYDOWN()
   ON_WM_LBUTTONDOWN()
   ON_WM_RBUTTONUP()
END_MESSAGE_MAP()

void CMainFrame::OnLButtonDown(UINT nFlags, CPoint point) { 
   CString MsgCoord;
   MsgCoord.Format(L"Left Button at P(%d, %d)", point.x, point.y);
   MessageBox(MsgCoord);
}
void CMainFrame::OnRButtonUp(UINT nFlags, CPoint point) { 
   MessageBox(L"Right Mouse Button Up");
}

m_progBarCtrl.SetScrollRange(0,100,TRUE);
m_progBarCtrl.put_Value(53);

void CMFCDirectoriesDemoDlg::OnBnClickedButtonCreate() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES saPermissions;

   saPermissions.nLength = sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES);
   saPermissions.lpSecurityDescriptor = NULL;
   saPermissions.bInheritHandle = TRUE;

   if (CreateDirectory(L"D:\MFCDirectoryDEMO", &saPermissions) == TRUE)
      AfxMessageBox(L"The directory was created.");
   CreateDirectory(L"D:\MFCDirectoryDEMO\Dir1", NULL);
   CreateDirectory(L"D:\MFCDirectoryDEMO\Dir2", NULL);
}

void CMFCDirectoriesDemoDlg::OnBnClickedButtonDelete() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   if (RemoveDirectory(L"D:\MFCDirectoryDEMO\Dir1") == TRUE)
      AfxMessageBox(L"The directory has been deleted");
}

void CMFCDirectoriesDemoDlg::OnBnClickedButtonMove() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   CreateDirectory(L"D:\MFCDirectory", NULL);

   if (MoveFile(L"D:\MFCDirectoryDEMO\Dir1", L"D:\MFCDirectory\Dir1") == TRUE)
      AfxMessageBox(L"The directory has been moved");
}

void CMFCFileProcessingDlg::OnBnClickedButtonOpen() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   UpdateData(TRUE);
   
   CFile file;
   
   file.Open(L"ArchiveText.rpr", CFile::modeRead);
   if(file) {
      CArchive ar(&file, CArchive::load);
   
      ar >> m_strEdit;
   
      ar.Close();
      file.Close();
   }
   UpdateData(FALSE);
}

void CMFCFileProcessingDlg::OnBnClickedButtonSave() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   UpdateData(TRUE);

   if (m_strEdit.GetLength() == 0) {
      AfxMessageBox(L"You must enter the name of the text.");
      return;
   }
   CFile file;
   
   file.Open(L"ArchiveText.rpr", CFile::modeCreate | CFile::modeWrite);
   CArchive ar(&file, CArchive::store);
   ar << m_strEdit;
   
   ar.Close();
   file.Close();
}

CStdioFile();
CStdioFile(CAtlTransactionManager* pTM);
CStdioFile(FILE* pOpenStream);
CStdioFile(LPCTSTR lpszFileName, UINT nOpenFlags);
CStdioFile(LPCTSTR lpszFileName, UINT nOpenFlags, CAtlTransactionManager* pTM);

void CMFCStandardIODlg::OnBnClickedButtonOpen() {
   
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   UpdateData(TRUE);

   CStdioFile file;
   file.Open(L"D:\MFCDirectoryDEMO\test.txt", CFile::modeRead | CFile::typeText);
   
   file.ReadString(m_strEditCtrl);
   file.Close();
   UpdateData(FALSE);
}

void CMFCStandardIODlg::OnBnClickedButtonSave() {
   
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   UpdateData(TRUE);
   CStdioFile file;
   if (m_strEditCtrl.GetLength() == 0) {

      AfxMessageBox(L"You must specify the text.");
      return;
   }
   file.Open(L"D:\MFCDirectoryDEMO\test.txt", CFile::modeCreate |
      CFile::modeWrite | CFile::typeText);
   file.WriteString(m_strEditCtrl);
   file.Close();
}

char word[12] = { ''H'', ''e'', ''l'', ''l'', ''o'', '' '', ''W'', ''o'', ''r'', ''l'', ''d'', '''' };

char word[] = "Hello, World";

BOOL CMFCStringDemoDlg::OnInitDialog() {

   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();

   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);         // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);       // Set small icon

   CString string1 = _T("This is a string1");
   CString string2("This is a string2");

   m_strText.Append(string1 + L"n");
   m_strText.Append(string2);

   UpdateData(FALSE);

   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

BOOL CMFCStringDemoDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();

   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);            // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);           // Set small icon

   CString string1 = _T("");
   CString string2;
   string2.Empty();

   if(string1.IsEmpty())
      m_strText.Append(L"String1 is emptyn");
   else
      m_strText.Append(string1 + L"n");
   
   if(string2.IsEmpty())
      m_strText.Append(L"String2 is empty");
   else
      m_strText.Append(string2);
   UpdateData(FALSE);
   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

BOOL CMFCStringDemoDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();

   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);              // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);              // Set small icon

   //To concatenate two CString objects
   CString s1 = _T("This ");           // Cascading concatenation
   s1 += _T("is a ");
   CString s2 = _T("test");
   CString message = s1;
   message.Append(_T("big ") + s2);
   // Message contains "This is a big test".

   m_strText = L"message: " + message;

   UpdateData(FALSE);

   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

BOOL CMFCStringDemoDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();
   
   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);              // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);              // Set small icon

   CString string1 = _T("This is string 1");
   int length = string1.GetLength();
   CString strLen;

   strLen.Format(L"nString1 contains %d characters", length);
   m_strText = string1 + strLen;

   UpdateData(FALSE);

   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

BOOL CMFCStringDemoDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();
   
   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);            // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);          // Set small icon

   CString string1 = _T("Hello");
   CString string2 = _T("World");

   CString string3 = _T("MFC Tutorial");
   CString string4 = _T("MFC Tutorial");

   if (string1 == string2)
      m_strText = "string1 and string1 are samen";
   else
      m_strText = "string1 and string1 are not samen";

   if (string3 == string4)
      m_strText += "string3 and string4 are same";
   else
      m_strText += "string3 and string4 are not same";

   UpdateData(FALSE);

   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

CArray<CString, CString>strArray;

CArray<CString, CString>strArray;

//Add names to CArray
strArray.Add(L"Ali");
strArray.Add(L"Ahmed");
strArray.Add(L"Mark");

//Retrive names from CArray
   for (int i = 0; i < strArray.GetSize(); i++) {
      m_strText.Append(strArray.GetAt(i) + L"n");
   }

BOOL CMFCCArrayDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();

   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);               // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);             // Set small icon

   // TODO: Add extra initialization here
   CArray<CString, CString>strArray;
   
   //Add names to CArray
   strArray.Add(L"Ali");
   strArray.Add(L"Ahmed");
   strArray.Add(L"Mark");
   
   //Retrive names from CArray
   for (int i = 0; i < strArray.GetSize(); i++) {
      m_strText.Append(strArray.GetAt(i) + L"n");
   }
   
   UpdateData(FALSE);
   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

BOOL CMFCCArrayDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();
   
   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);             // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);            // Set small icon

   // TODO: Add extra initialization here
   CArray<CString, CString>strArray;
   //Add names to CArray
   strArray.Add(L"Ali");
   strArray.Add(L"Ahmed");
   strArray.Add(L"Mark");

   strArray.InsertAt(1, L"Allan");

   //Retrive names from CArray
   for (int i = 0; i < strArray.GetSize(); i++) {
      m_strText.Append(strArray.GetAt(i) + L"n");
   }

   UpdateData(FALSE);
   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

BOOL CMFCCArrayDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();

   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);                 // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);               // Set small icon

   // TODO: Add extra initialization here
   CArray<CString, CString>strArray;

   //Add names to CArray
   strArray.Add(L"Ali");
   strArray.Add(L"Ahmed");
   strArray.Add(L"Mark");
  
   strArray.InsertAt(1, L"Allan");
   
   strArray.SetAt(2, L"Salman");
   
   //Retrive names from CArray
   for (int i = 0; i < strArray.GetSize(); i++) {
      m_strText.Append(strArray.GetAt(i) + L"n");
   }

   UpdateData(FALSE);
   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

BOOL CMFCCArrayDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();

   // Add "About..." menu item to system menu.

   // IDM_ABOUTBOX must be in the system command range.
   ASSERT((IDM_ABOUTBOX & 0xFFF0) == IDM_ABOUTBOX);
   ASSERT(IDM_ABOUTBOX < 0xF000);
   CMenu* pSysMenu = GetSystemMenu(FALSE);
   if (pSysMenu != NULL) {
      BOOL bNameValid;
      CString strAboutMenu;
      bNameValid = strAboutMenu.LoadString(IDS_ABOUTBOX);
      ASSERT(bNameValid);
      if (!strAboutMenu.IsEmpty()) {
         pSysMenu→AppendMenu(MF_SEPARATOR);
         pSysMenu→AppendMenu(MF_STRING, IDM_ABOUTBOX, strAboutMenu);
      }
   }
   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);               // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);              // Set small icon

   // TODO: Add extra initialization here
   CArray<CString, CString>strArray;
   //Add names to CArray
   strArray.Add(L"Ali");
   strArray.Add(L"Ahmed");
   strArray.Add(L"Mark");

   strArray.InsertAt(1, L"Allan");

   strArray.SetAt(2, L"Salman");

   CArray<CString, CString>strArray2;
   strArray2.Copy(strArray);
   //Retrive names from CArray
   for (int i = 0; i < strArray2.GetSize(); i++) {
      m_strText.Append(strArray2.GetAt(i) + L"n");
   }

   UpdateData(FALSE);
   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

BOOL CMFCCArrayDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();

   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);             // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);            // Set small icon

   // TODO: Add extra initialization here
   CArray<CString, CString>strArray;

   //Add names to CArray
   strArray.Add(L"Ali");
   strArray.Add(L"Ahmed");
   strArray.Add(L"Mark");

   strArray.InsertAt(1, L"Allan");

   strArray.SetAt(2, L"Salman");

   CArray<CString, CString>strArray2;
   strArray2.Copy(strArray);

   strArray2.RemoveAt(1);

   //Retrive names from CArray
   for (int i = 0; i < strArray2.GetSize(); i++) {
      m_strText.Append(strArray2.GetAt(i) + L"n");
   }

   UpdateData(FALSE);
   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

CList<double, double>m_list;

CList<double, double>m_list;

//Add items to the list
m_list.AddTail(100.75);
m_list.AddTail(85.26);
m_list.AddTail(95.78);
m_list.AddTail(90.1);

//iterate the list
POSITION pos = m_list.GetHeadPosition();
while (pos) { 
   double nData = m_list.GetNext(pos);
   CString strVal;
   strVal.Format(L"%.2fn", nData);
   m_strText.Append(strVal);
}

BOOL CMFCCListDemoDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();

   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);             // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);             // Set small icon

   // TODO: Add extra initialization here
   CList<double, double>m_list;

   //Add items to the list
   m_list.AddTail(100.75);
   m_list.AddTail(85.26);
   m_list.AddTail(95.78);
   m_list.AddTail(90.1);

   //iterate the list
   POSITION pos = m_list.GetHeadPosition();
   while (pos) {
      double nData = m_list.GetNext(pos);
      CString strVal;
      strVal.Format(L"%.fn", nData);
      m_strText.Append(strVal);
   }

   UpdateData(FALSE);
 
   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

BOOL CMFCCListDemoDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();
   
   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);             // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);          // Set small icon

   // TODO: Add extra initialization here
   CList<double, double>m_list;

   //Add items to the list
   m_list.AddTail(100.75);
   m_list.AddTail(85.26);
   m_list.AddTail(95.78);
   m_list.AddTail(90.1);

   POSITION position = m_list.Find(85.26);
   m_list.InsertBefore(position, 200.0);
   m_list.InsertAfter(position, 300.0);

   //iterate the list
   POSITION pos = m_list.GetHeadPosition();
   while (pos) {
      double nData = m_list.GetNext(pos);
      CString strVal;
      strVal.Format(L"%.2fn", nData);
      m_strText.Append(strVal);
   }

   UpdateData(FALSE);

   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

BOOL CMFCCListDemoDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();

   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);              // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);            // Set small icon

   // TODO: Add extra initialization here
   CList<double, double>m_list;

   //Add items to the list
   m_list.AddTail(100.75);
   m_list.AddTail(85.26);
   m_list.AddTail(95.78);
   m_list.AddTail(90.1);

   POSITION position = m_list.Find(85.26);
   m_list.InsertBefore(position, 200.0);
   m_list.InsertAfter(position, 300.0);

   position = m_list.Find(300.00);
   m_list.SetAt(position, 400.00);

   //iterate the list
   POSITION pos = m_list.GetHeadPosition();
   while (pos) {
      double nData = m_list.GetNext(pos);
      CString strVal;
      strVal.Format(L"%.2fn", nData);
      m_strText.Append(strVal);
   }

   UpdateData(FALSE);

   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

BOOL CMFCCListDemoDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();

   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);              // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);             // Set small icon

   // TODO: Add extra initialization here
   CList<double, double>m_list;

   //Add items to the list
   m_list.AddTail(100.75);
   m_list.AddTail(85.26);
   m_list.AddTail(95.78);
   m_list.AddTail(90.1);

   POSITION position = m_list.Find(85.26);
   m_list.InsertBefore(position, 200.0);
   m_list.InsertAfter(position, 300.0);
   
   position = m_list.Find(300.00);
   m_list.SetAt(position, 400.00);

   position = m_list.Find(95.78);
   m_list.RemoveAt(position);

   //iterate the list
   POSITION pos = m_list.GetHeadPosition();
   while (pos) {
      double nData = m_list.GetNext(pos);
      CString strVal;
      strVal.Format(L"%.2fn", nData);
      m_strText.Append(strVal);
   }
   UpdateData(FALSE);
   
   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

#include "odbcinst.h"
#include "afxdb.h"

CDatabase database;
CString SqlString;
CString strID, strName, strAge;
CString sDriver = L"MICROSOFT ACCESS DRIVER (*.mdb)";
CString sDsn;
CString sFile = L"D:\Test.mdb";
// You must change above path if it''s different
int iRec = 0;

// Build ODBC connection string
sDsn.Format(L"ODBC;DRIVER={%s};DSN='''';DBQ=%s", sDriver, sFile);
TRY {
   // Open the database
   database.Open(NULL,false,false,sDsn);

   SqlString = "INSERT INTO Employees (ID,Name,age) VALUES (5,''Sanjay'',69)";
   database.ExecuteSQL(SqlString);
   // Close the database
   database.Close();
}CATCH(CDBException, e) {
   // If a database exception occured, show error msg
   AfxMessageBox(L"Database error: " + e→m_strError);
}
END_CATCH;

void CMFCDatabaseDemoDlg::OnBnClickedButtonRead() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   CDatabase database;
   CString SqlString;
   CString strID, strName, strAge;
   CString sDriver = "MICROSOFT ACCESS DRIVER (*.mdb)";
   CString sFile = L"D:\Test.mdb";
   // You must change above path if it''s different
   int iRec = 0;

   // Build ODBC connection string
   sDsn.Format("ODBC;DRIVER={%s};DSN='''';DBQ=%s",sDriver,sFile);
   TRY {
      // Open the database
      database.Open(NULL,false,false,sDsn);

      // Allocate the recordset
      CRecordset recset( &database );

      // Build the SQL statement
      SqlString = "SELECT ID, Name, Age " "FROM Employees";

      // Execute the query
	  
      recset.Open(CRecordset::forwardOnly,SqlString,CRecordset::readOnly);
      // Reset List control if there is any data
      ResetListControl();
      // populate Grids
      ListView_SetExtendedListViewStyle(m_ListControl,LVS_EX_GRIDLINES);

      // Column width and heading
      m_ListControl.InsertColumn(0,"Emp ID",LVCFMT_LEFT,-1,0);
      m_ListControl.InsertColumn(1,"Name",LVCFMT_LEFT,-1,1);
      m_ListControl.InsertColumn(2, "Age", LVCFMT_LEFT, -1, 1);
      m_ListControl.SetColumnWidth(0, 120);
      m_ListControl.SetColumnWidth(1, 200);
      m_ListControl.SetColumnWidth(2, 200);

      // Loop through each record
      while( !recset.IsEOF() ) {
         // Copy each column into a variable
         recset.GetFieldValue("ID",strID);
         recset.GetFieldValue("Name",strName);
         recset.GetFieldValue("Age", strAge);

         // Insert values into the list control
         iRec = m_ListControl.InsertItem(0,strID,0);
         m_ListControl.SetItemText(0,1,strName);
         m_ListControl.SetItemText(0, 2, strAge);

         // goto next record
         recset.MoveNext();
      }
      // Close the database
      database.Close();
   }CATCH(CDBException, e) {
      // If a database exception occured, show error msg
      AfxMessageBox("Database error: "+e→m_strError);
   }
   END_CATCH; 
}

// Reset List control
void CMFCDatabaseDemoDlg::ResetListControl() {
   m_ListControl.DeleteAllItems();
   int iNbrOfColumns;
   CHeaderCtrl* pHeader = (CHeaderCtrl*)m_ListControl.GetDlgItem(0);
   if (pHeader) {
      iNbrOfColumns = pHeader→GetItemCount();
   }
   for (int i = iNbrOfColumns; i >= 0; i--) {
      m_ListControl.DeleteColumn(i);
   }
}

// MFCDatabaseDemoDlg.h : header file
//

#pragma once
#include "afxcmn.h"


// CMFCDatabaseDemoDlg dialog
class CMFCDatabaseDemoDlg : public CDialogEx {
   // Construction
   public:
      CMFCDatabaseDemoDlg(CWnd* pParent = NULL);    // standard constructor

   // Dialog Data
   #ifdef AFX_DESIGN_TIME
      enum { IDD = IDD_MFCDATABASEDEMO_DIALOG };
   #endif

   protected:
      virtual void DoDataExchange(CDataExchange* pDX);    // DDX/DDV support
      void ResetListControl();

   // Implementation
   protected:
      HICON m_hIcon;

      // Generated message map functions
      virtual BOOL OnInitDialog();
      afx_msg void OnPaint();
      afx_msg HCURSOR OnQueryDragIcon();
      DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
   public:
      CListCtrl m_ListControl;
      afx_msg void OnBnClickedButtonRead();
};

SqlString = L"UPDATE Employees SET Age = 59 WHERE ID = 5;";
database.ExecuteSQL(SqlString);

void CMFCDatabaseDemoDlg::OnBnClickedButtonRead() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   CDatabase database;
   CString SqlString;
   CString strID, strName, strAge;
   CString sDriver = L"MICROSOFT ACCESS DRIVER (*.mdb)";
   CString sDsn;
   CString sFile =
      L"C:\Users\Muhammad.Waqas\Downloads\Compressed\ReadDB_demo\Test.mdb";
   // You must change above path if it''s different
   int iRec = 0;

   // Build ODBC connection string
   sDsn.Format(L"ODBC;DRIVER={%s};DSN='''';DBQ=%s", sDriver, sFile);
   TRY {
      // Open the database
      database.Open(NULL,false,false,sDsn);

      // Allocate the recordset
      CRecordset recset(&database);

      SqlString = L"UPDATE Employees SET Age = 59 WHERE ID = 5;";

      database.ExecuteSQL(SqlString);

      SqlString = "SELECT ID, Name, Age FROM Employees";

      // Build the SQL statement
      SqlString = "SELECT ID, Name, Age FROM Employees";

      // Execute the query
      recset.Open(CRecordset::forwardOnly,SqlString,CRecordset::readOnly);

      // Reset List control if there is any data
      ResetListControl();
      // populate Grids
      ListView_SetExtendedListViewStyle(m_listCtrl,LVS_EX_GRIDLINES);

      // Column width and heading
      m_listCtrl.InsertColumn(0,L"Emp ID",LVCFMT_LEFT,-1,0);
      m_listCtrl.InsertColumn(1,L"Name",LVCFMT_LEFT,-1,1);
      m_listCtrl.InsertColumn(2, L"Age", LVCFMT_LEFT, -1, 1);
      m_listCtrl.SetColumnWidth(0, 120);
      m_listCtrl.SetColumnWidth(1, 200);
      m_listCtrl.SetColumnWidth(2, 200);

      // Loop through each record
      while (!recset.IsEOF()) {
         // Copy each column into a variable
         recset.GetFieldValue(L"ID",strID);
         recset.GetFieldValue(L"Name",strName);
         recset.GetFieldValue(L"Age", strAge);

         // Insert values into the list control
         iRec = m_listCtrl.InsertItem(0,strID,0);
         m_listCtrl.SetItemText(0,1,strName);
         m_listCtrl.SetItemText(0, 2, strAge);

         // goto next record
         recset.MoveNext();
      }

      // Close the database
      database.Close();
   }CATCH(CDBException, e) {
      // If a database exception occured, show error msg
      AfxMessageBox(L"Database error: " + e→m_strError);
   }
   END_CATCH;
}

SqlString = L"DELETE FROM Employees WHERE ID = 3;";

database.ExecuteSQL(SqlString);

void CMFCDatabaseDemoDlg::OnBnClickedButtonRead() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   CDatabase database;
   CString SqlString;
   CString strID, strName, strAge;
   CString sDriver = L"MICROSOFT ACCESS DRIVER (*.mdb)";
   CString sDsn;
   CString sFile =
       L"C:\Users\Muhammad.Waqas\Downloads\Compressed\ReadDB_demo\Test.mdb";

   // You must change above path if it''s different
   int iRec = 0;

   // Build ODBC connection string
   sDsn.Format(L"ODBC;DRIVER={%s};DSN='''';DBQ=%s", sDriver, sFile);
   TRY {
      // Open the database
      database.Open(NULL,false,false,sDsn);

      // Allocate the recordset
      CRecordset recset(&database);

      SqlString = L"DELETE FROM Employees WHERE ID = 3;";

      database.ExecuteSQL(SqlString);

      SqlString = "SELECT ID, Name, Age FROM Employees";

      // Build the SQL statement
      SqlString = "SELECT ID, Name, Age FROM Employees";

      // Execute the query
      recset.Open(CRecordset::forwardOnly,SqlString,CRecordset::readOnly);

      // Reset List control if there is any data
      ResetListControl();
      // populate Grids
      ListView_SetExtendedListViewStyle(m_listCtrl,LVS_EX_GRIDLINES);
      // Column width and heading
      m_listCtrl.InsertColumn(0,L"Emp ID",LVCFMT_LEFT,-1,0);
      m_listCtrl.InsertColumn(1,L"Name",LVCFMT_LEFT,-1,1);
      m_listCtrl.InsertColumn(2, L"Age", LVCFMT_LEFT, -1, 1);
      m_listCtrl.SetColumnWidth(0, 120);
      m_listCtrl.SetColumnWidth(1, 200);
      m_listCtrl.SetColumnWidth(2, 200);

      // Loop through each record
      while (!recset.IsEOF()) {
         // Copy each column into a variable
         recset.GetFieldValue(L"ID",strID);
         recset.GetFieldValue(L"Name",strName);
         recset.GetFieldValue(L"Age", strAge);

         // Insert values into the list control
         iRec = m_listCtrl.InsertItem(0,strID,0);
         m_listCtrl.SetItemText(0,1,strName);
         m_listCtrl.SetItemText(0, 2, strAge);

         // goto next record
         recset.MoveNext();
      }
      // Close the database
      database.Close();
   }CATCH(CDBException, e) {
      // If a database exception occured, show error msg
      AfxMessageBox(L"Database error: " + e→m_strError);
   }
   END_CATCH;
}

class CEmployee : public CObject {
   public:
      int empID;
      CString empName;
      int age;
      CEmployee(void);
      ~CEmployee(void);
   private:

   public:
      void Serialize(CArchive& ar);
      DECLARE_SERIAL(CEmployee);
};

IMPLEMENT_SERIAL(CEmployee, CObject, 0)
CEmployee::CEmployee(void) {

}

CEmployee::~CEmployee(void) {

}

void CEmployee::Serialize(CArchive& ar) {
   CObject::Serialize(ar);

   if (ar.IsStoring())
      ar << empID << empName << age;
   else
      ar >> empID >> empName >> age;
}

void CMFCSerializationDlg::OnBnClickedButtonSave() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   UpdateData(TRUE);
   CEmployee employee;
   CFile file;
   file.Open(L"EmployeeInfo.hse", CFile::modeCreate | CFile::modeWrite);
   CArchive ar(&file, CArchive::store);
   employee.empID = m_id;
   employee.empName = m_strName;
   employee.age = m_age;
   employee.Serialize(ar);
   ar.Close();
}

void CMFCSerializationDlg::OnBnClickedButtonOpen() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   UpdateData(TRUE);

   CFile file;

   file.Open(L"EmployeeInfo.hse", CFile::modeRead);
   CArchive ar(&file, CArchive::load);
   CEmployee employee;

   employee.Serialize(ar);

   m_id = employee.empID;
   m_strName = employee.empName;
   m_age = employee.age;
   ar.Close();
   file.Close();

   UpdateData(FALSE);
}

int currValue;
int maxValue;
BOOL stopNow;

void CMFCMultithreadingDlg::OnTimer(UINT_PTR nIDEvent) {
   // TODO: Add your message handler code here and/or call default
   CString sStatusMsg;
   sStatusMsg.Format(L"Running: %d", currValue);
   m_ctrlStatus.SetWindowText(sStatusMsg);

   CDialogEx::OnTimer(nIDEvent);
}

UINT MyThreadProc(LPVOID Param) {
   while (!stopNow && (currValue < maxValue)) {
      currValue++;
      Sleep(50);     // would do some work here
   }
   
   return TRUE;
}

void CMFCMultithreadingDlg::OnBnClickedButtonStart() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   currValue = 0;
   maxValue = 5000;
   stopNow = 0;
   m_ctrlStatus.SetWindowText(L"Starting...");
   SetTimer(1234, 333, 0); // 3 times per second

   AfxBeginThread(MyThreadProc, 0); // <<== START THE THREAD
}

void CMFCMultithreadingDlg::OnBnClickedButtonStop() {
   
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   stopNow = TRUE;
   KillTimer(1234);
   m_ctrlStatus.SetWindowText(L"Stopped");
}

// MFCMultithreadingDlg.cpp : implementation file
//

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "MFCMultithreading.h"
#include "MFCMultithreadingDlg.h"
#include "afxdialogex.h"

#ifdef _DEBUG
#define new DEBUG_NEW
#endif

// CMFCMultithreadingDlg dialog

int currValue;
int maxValue;
BOOL stopNow;

CMFCMultithreadingDlg::CMFCMultithreadingDlg(CWnd* pParent /* = NULL*/)
   : CDialogEx(IDD_MFCMULTITHREADING_DIALOG, pParent) {
   m_hIcon = AfxGetApp() -> LoadIcon(IDR_MAINFRAME);
}
void CMFCMultithreadingDlg::DoDataExchange(CDataExchange* pDX) {
   CDialogEx::DoDataExchange(pDX);
   DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_STATIC_TEXT, m_ctrlStatus);
}

BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMFCMultithreadingDlg, CDialogEx)
   ON_WM_PAINT()
   ON_WM_QUERYDRAGICON()
   ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_BUTTON_START,
      &CMFCMultithreadingDlg::OnBnClickedButtonStart)
   ON_WM_TIMER()
   ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_BUTTON_STOP,
      &CMFCMultithreadingDlg::OnBnClickedButtonStop)
END_MESSAGE_MAP()

// CMFCMultithreadingDlg message handlers

BOOL CMFCMultithreadingDlg::OnInitDialog() {
   CDialogEx::OnInitDialog();

   // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
   // when the application''s main window is not a dialog
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE);        // Set big icon
   SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE);       // Set small icon

   // TODO: Add extra initialization here

   return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

// If you add a minimize button to your dialog, you will need the code below
// to draw the icon. For MFC applications using the document/view model,
// this is automatically done for you by the framework.

void CMFCMultithreadingDlg::OnPaint() {
   if (IsIconic()) {
      CPaintDC dc(this); // device context for painting
      SendMessage(WM_ICONERASEBKGND,
         reinterpret_cast<WPARAM>(dc.GetSafeHdc()), 0);
			
      // Center icon in client rectangle
      int cxIcon = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXICON);
      int cyIcon = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYICON);
      CRect rect;
      GetClientRect(&rect);
      int x = (rect.Width() - cxIcon + 1) / 2;
      int y = (rect.Height() - cyIcon + 1) / 2;

      // Draw the icon
      dc.DrawIcon(x, y, m_hIcon);
   }else {
      CDialogEx::OnPaint();
   }
}
// The system calls this function to obtain the cursor to display while the user drags
// the minimized window.
HCURSOR CMFCMultithreadingDlg::OnQueryDragIcon() {
   return static_cast<HCURSOR>(m_hIcon);
}

UINT /*CThreadDlg::*/MyThreadProc(LPVOID Param) //Sample function for using in
AfxBeginThread {
   while (!stopNow && (currValue < maxValue)) {
      currValue++;
      Sleep(50); // would do some work here
   }
   return TRUE;
}
void CMFCMultithreadingDlg::OnBnClickedButtonStart() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   currValue = 0;
   maxValue = 5000;
   stopNow = 0;
   m_ctrlStatus.SetWindowText(L"Starting...");
   SetTimer(1234, 333, 0); // 3 times per second

   AfxBeginThread(MyThreadProc, 0); // <<== START THE THREAD
}

void CMFCMultithreadingDlg::OnTimer(UINT_PTR nIDEvent) {
   // TODO: Add your message handler code here and/or call default
   CString sStatusMsg;
   sStatusMsg.Format(L"Running: %d", currValue);
   m_ctrlStatus.SetWindowText(sStatusMsg);

   CDialogEx::OnTimer(nIDEvent);
}

void CMFCMultithreadingDlg::OnBnClickedButtonStop() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   stopNow = TRUE;
   KillTimer(1234);
   m_ctrlStatus.SetWindowText(L"Stopped");
}

#include "ServerSocket.h"
#include "MFCServerView.h"

CServerSocket m_serverSocket;
CMFCServerView m_pServerView;

m_serverSocket.Create(6666);
m_serverSocket.Listen();

#include "MFCServerDoc.h"

void CServerSocket::OnAccept(int nErrorCode) {

   // TODO: Add your specialized code here and/or call the base class
   AfxMessageBox(L"Connection accepted");
   CSocket::OnAccept(nErrorCode);
}

void CServerSocket::OnReceive(int nErrorCode) { 
   
   // TODO: Add your specialized code here and/or call the base class
   AfxMessageBox(L"Data Received");
   CSocket::OnReceive(nErrorCode);
}

CStringArray m_msgArray;

void CMFCServerView::AddMsg(CString message) {

   m_msgArray.Add(message);
   Invalidate();
}

CMFCServerView::CMFCServerView() {

   ((CMFCServerApp*)AfxGetApp()) -> m_pServerView = this;
}

void CMFCServerView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) {

   int y = 100;
   for (int i = 0; m_msgArray.GetSize(); i++) {
   
      pDC->TextOut(100, y, m_msgArray.GetAt(i));
      y += 50;
   }
   CMFCServerDoc* pDoc = GetDocument();
   ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
   if (!pDoc)
      return;

   // TODO: add draw code for native data here
}

CClientSocket m_clientSocket;

void CMFCClientDemoDlg::OnBnClickedButtonConnect() {

   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   UpdateData(TRUE);
   m_clientSocket.Create();
   if (m_clientSocket.Connect(m_ipAddress, m_port)) {
      AfxMessageBox(L"Connection Successfull");
   }else {
      AfxMessageBox(L"Connection Failed");
   }
   DWORD error = GetLastError();
}

void CMFCClientDemoDlg::OnBnClickedButtonSend() {

   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   UpdateData(TRUE);
   if (m_clientSocket.Send(m_message.GetBuffer(m_message.GetLength()), m_message.GetLength())) {
   
   }else {
      AfxMessageBox(L"Failed to send message");
   }
}

void CMFCGDIDemoView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) {
   pDC->MoveTo(95, 125);
   pDC->LineTo(230, 125);
   CMFCGDIDemoDoc* pDoc = GetDocument();
   ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
   if (!pDoc)
      return;

   // TODO: add draw code for native data here
}

void CMFCGDIDemoView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) { 
   pDC->MoveTo(95, 125);
   pDC->LineTo(230, 125);
   pDC->LineTo(230, 225);
   pDC->LineTo(95, 325);
   CMFCGDIDemoDoc* pDoc = GetDocument();
   ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
   if (!pDoc)
      return;

   // TODO: add draw code for native data here 
}

void CMFCGDIDemoView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) {
   CPoint Pt[7];
   Pt[0] = CPoint(20, 150);
   Pt[1] = CPoint(180, 150);
   Pt[2] = CPoint(180, 20);
   pDC−Polyline(Pt, 3);
   
   CMFCGDIDemoDoc* pDoc = GetDocument();
   ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
   if (!pDoc)
      return;

   // TODO: add draw code for native data here
}

void CMFCGDIDemoView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) {
   pDC->Rectangle(15, 15, 250, 160);
   
   CMFCGDIDemoDoc* pDoc = GetDocument();
   ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
   if (!pDoc)
      return;

   // TODO: add draw code for native data here
}

void CMFCGDIDemoView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) {
   pDC->Rectangle(15, 15, 250, 250);
   
   CMFCGDIDemoDoc* pDoc = GetDocument();
   ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
   if (!pDoc)
      return;

   // TODO: add draw code for native data here
}

void CMFCGDIDemoView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) {
   pDC->Pie(40, 20, 226, 144, 155, 32, 202, 115);
   
   CMFCGDIDemoDoc* pDoc = GetDocument();
   ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
   if (!pDoc)
      return;

   // TODO: add draw code for native data here
}

int SetArcDirection(int nArcDirection)

void CMFCGDIDemoView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) {
   pDC->SetArcDirection(AD_COUNTERCLOCKWISE);
   pDC->Arc(20, 20, 226, 144, 202, 115, 105, 32);
   
   CMFCGDIDemoDoc* pDoc = GetDocument();
   ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
   if (!pDoc)
      return;

   // TODO: add draw code for native data here
}

void CMFCGDIDemoView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) {
   pDC->SetArcDirection(AD_CLOCKWISE);
   pDC->Chord(20, 20, 226, 144, 202, 115, 105, 32);
   
   CMFCGDIDemoDoc* pDoc = GetDocument();
   ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
   if (!pDoc)
      return;

   // TODO: add draw code for native data here
}

void CMFCGDIDemoView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) {
   COLORREF color = RGB(239, 15, 225);
}

void CMFCGDIDemoView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) {
   COLORREF color = RGB(239, 15, 225);
   pDC->SetTextColor(color);
   pDC->TextOut(100, 80, L"MFC GDI Tutorial", 16);
   
   CMFCGDIDemoDoc* pDoc = GetDocument();
   ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
   if (!pDoc)
      return;

   // TODO: add draw code for native data here
}

void CMFCGDIDemoView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) {
   CFont font;
   font.CreatePointFont(920, L"Garamond");
   CFont *pFont = pDC->SelectObject(&font);
   COLORREF color = RGB(239, 15, 225);
   pDC->SetTextColor(color);
   pDC->TextOut(100, 80, L"MFC GDI Tutorial", 16);
   pDC->SelectObject(pFont);
   font.DeleteObject();
   
   CMFCGDIDemoDoc* pDoc = GetDocument();
   ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
   if (!pDoc)
   return;

   // TODO: add draw code for native data here
}

void CMFCGDIDemoView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) {
   CPen pen;
   pen.CreatePen(PS_DASHDOTDOT, 1, RGB(160, 75, 90));
   pDC->SelectObject(&pen);
   pDC->Rectangle(25, 35, 250, 125);
   
   CMFCGDIDemoDoc* pDoc = GetDocument();
   ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
   if (!pDoc)
      return;

   // TODO: add draw code for native data here
}

void CMFCGDIDemoView::OnDraw(CDC* pDC) {
   CBrush brush(RGB(100, 150, 200));
   CBrush *pBrush = pDC->SelectObject(&brush);
   pDC->Rectangle(25, 35, 250, 125);
   pDC->SelectObject(pBrush);
   
   CMFCGDIDemoDoc* pDoc = GetDocument();
   ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
   if (!pDoc)
      return;

   // TODO: add draw code for native data here
}

#pragma once
#ifndef _CALCULATOR_H_
#define _CALCULATOR_H_
double Min(const double *Numbers, const int Count);
double Max(const double *Numbers, const int Count);
double Sum(const double *Numbers, const int Count);
double Average(const double *Numbers, const int Count);
long GreatestCommonDivisor(long Nbr1, long Nbr2);
#endif // _CALCULATOR_H_

#include "StdAfx.h"
#include "Calculator.h"
double Min(const double *Nbr, const int Total) {
   double Minimum = Nbr[0];
   for (int i = 0; i < Total; i++)
      if (Minimum > Nbr[i])
         Minimum = Nbr[i];
   return Minimum;
}
double Max(const double *Nbr, const int Total) {
   double Maximum = Nbr[0];
   for (int i = 0; i < Total; i++)
      if (Maximum < Nbr[i])
         Maximum = Nbr[i];
   return Maximum;
}
double Sum(const double *Nbr, const int Total) {
   double S = 0;
   for (int i = 0; i < Total; i++)
      S += Nbr[i];
   return S;
}
double Average(const double *Nbr, const int Total) {
   double avg, S = 0;
   for (int i = 0; i < Total; i++)
       S += Nbr[i];
   avg = S / Total;
   return avg;
}
long GreatestCommonDivisor(long Nbr1, long Nbr2) {
   while (true) {
      Nbr1 = Nbr1 % Nbr2;
      if (Nbr1 == 0)
         return Nbr2;
      Nbr2 = Nbr2 % Nbr1;
      if (Nbr2 == 0)
         return Nbr1;
   }
}

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "MFCLibTest.h"
#include "MFCLibTestDlg.h"
#include "afxdialogex.h"
#include "Calculator.h"

void CMFCLibTestDlg::OnBnClickedButtonCal() {
   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   UpdateData(TRUE);
   CString strTemp;
   double numbers[2];
   numbers[0] = m_Num1;
   numbers[1] = m_Num2;

   strTemp.Format(L"%.2f", Max(numbers,2));
   m_strText.Append(L"Max is:t" + strTemp);

   strTemp.Format(L"%.2f", Min(numbers, 2));
   m_strText.Append(L"nMin is:t" + strTemp);
   
   strTemp.Format(L"%.2f", Sum(numbers, 2));
   m_strText.Append(L"nSum is:t" + strTemp);

   strTemp.Format(L"%.2f", Average(numbers, 2));
   m_strText.Append(L"nAverage is:t" + strTemp);

   strTemp.Format(L"%d", GreatestCommonDivisor(m_Num1, m_Num2));
   m_strText.Append(L"nGDC is:t" + strTemp);

   UpdateData(FALSE);
}

extern "C" _declspec(dllexport)

// MFCDynamicLib.cpp : Defines the exported functions for the DLL application.//

#include "stdafx.h"

extern "C" _declspec(dllexport) double Min(const double *Numbers, const int Count);
extern "C" _declspec(dllexport) double Max(const double *Numbers, const int Count);
extern "C" _declspec(dllexport) double Sum(const double *Numbers, const int Count);
extern "C" _declspec(dllexport) double Average(const double *Numbers, const int Count);
extern "C" _declspec(dllexport) long GreatestCommonDivisor(long Nbr1, long Nbr2);

double Min(const double *Nbr, const int Total) {
   double Minimum = Nbr[0];
   for (int i = 0; i < Total; i++)
      if (Minimum > Nbr[i])
         Minimum = Nbr[i];
   return Minimum;
}
double Max(const double *Nbr, const int Total) {
   double Maximum = Nbr[0];
   for (int i = 0; i < Total; i++)
      if (Maximum < Nbr[i])
         Maximum = Nbr[i];
   return Maximum;
}
double Sum(const double *Nbr, const int Total) {
   double S = 0;
   for (int i = 0; i < Total; i++)
      S += Nbr[i];
   return S;
}
double Average(const double *Nbr, const int Total){
   double avg, S = 0;
   for (int i = 0; i < Total; i++)
      S += Nbr[i];
   avg = S / Total;
   return avg;
}
long GreatestCommonDivisor(long Nbr1, long Nbr2) {
   while (true) {
      Nbr1 = Nbr1 % Nbr2;
      if (Nbr1 == 0)
         return Nbr2;
      Nbr2 = Nbr2 % Nbr1;
      if (Nbr2 == 0)
         return Nbr1;
   }
}

extern "C" _declspec(dllimport) double Min(const double *Numbers, const int Count);
extern "C" _declspec(dllimport) double Max(const double *Numbers, const int Count);
extern "C" _declspec(dllimport) double Sum(const double *Numbers, const int Count);
extern "C" _declspec(dllimport) double Average(const double *Numbers, const int Count);
extern "C" _declspec(dllimport) long GreatestCommonDivisor(long Nbr1, long Nbr2);

void CMFCLibTestDlg::OnBnClickedButtonCal() {

   // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
   UpdateData(TRUE);

   CString strTemp;
   double numbers[2];
   numbers[0] = m_Num1;
   numbers[1] = m_Num2;

   strTemp.Format(L"%.2f", Max(numbers,2));
   m_strText.Append(L"Max is:t" + strTemp);

   strTemp.Format(L"%.2f", Min(numbers, 2));
   m_strText.Append(L"nMin is:t" + strTemp);

   strTemp.Format(L"%.2f", Sum(numbers, 2));
   m_strText.Append(L"nSum is:t" + strTemp);

   strTemp.Format(L"%.2f", Average(numbers, 2));
   m_strText.Append(L"nAverage is:t" + strTemp);

   strTemp.Format(L"%d", GreatestCommonDivisor(m_Num1, m_Num2));
   m_strText.Append(L"nGDC is:t" + strTemp);
 
   UpdateData(FALSE);
}