The median filter is another commonly used technique for noise reduction in an image. It works by calculating the middle (median) value among the neighboring pixels and replaces the original pixel value with that middle value.

To understand the median filter, let”s consider the same black−and−white image scenario with small black dots representing noise. Each pixel in the image has a binary value − white (representing the object of interest) or black (representing the background).

For each pixel, the median filter takes the pixel values of its neighboring pixels within the window. It then arranges them in ascending order based on their intensity value.

After that, it selects the middle value, which is the median, and replaces the original pixel value with that median value.

Median Filter in Mahotas

To apply the median filter in Mahotas, you can use the median_filter() function.

The median filter function in Mahotas uses a structuring element to examine pixels in a neighborhood.

The structuring element replaces the value of each pixel by calculating the middle value within its neighborhood.

The size of the structuring element determines the extent of smoothing applied by the median filter.

A larger neighborhood will result in a stronger smoothing effect, while reducing finer details of the image. On the other hand, a smaller neighborhood will result in less smoothing but maintains more details.

The mahotas.median_filter() function

The median_filter() function applies the median filter to the input image using the specified neighborhood size. It replaces each pixel value with the median value calculated among its neighbors. The filtered image is stored in the output array.

Syntax

Following is the basic syntax of the median filter function in mahotas −

mahotas.median_filter(img, Bc={square}, mode=''reflect'', cval=0.0,
out={np.empty(f.shape, f.dtype})

Where,

• img − It is the input image.

• Bc − It is the structuring element that defines the neighbourhood. By default, it is a square of side 3.

• mode (optional) − It specifies how the function handles the borders of the image. It can take different values such as ”reflect”, ”constant”, ”nearest”, ”mirror” or ”wrap”. By default, it is set to ”reflect”.

• cval (optional) − The value to be used when mode=”constant”. The default value is 0.0.

• out (optional) − It specifies the output array where the filtered image will be stored. It must be of the same shape and data type as the input image.

Example

Following is the basic example to filter the image using the median_filter() function −

import mahotas as mh
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as mtplt
image=mh.imread(''tree.tiff'', as_grey = True)
structuring_element = mh.disk(12)
filtered_image = mh.median_filter(image, structuring_element)
# Displaying the original image
fig, axes = mtplt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(9, 4))
axes[0].imshow(image, cmap=''gray'')
axes[0].set_title(''Original Image'')
axes[0].axis(''off'')
# Displaying the median filtered image
axes[1].imshow(filtered_image, cmap=''gray'')
axes[1].set_title(''Median Filtered'')
axes[1].axis(''off'')
mtplt.show()

Output

After executing the above code, we get the following output −

Median Filter with Reflect Mode

When we apply the median filter to an image, we need to consider the neighboring pixels around each pixel to calculate the median.

However, at the edges of the image, there are pixels that don”t have neighbors on one or more sides.

To address this issue, we use the ”reflect” mode. Reflect mode creates a mirror−like effect along the edges of the image. It allows us to virtually extend the image by duplicating its pixels in a mirrored manner.

This way, we can provide the median filter with neighboring pixels even at the edges.

By reflecting the image values, the medan filter can now consider these mirrored pixels as if they were real neighbors.

It calculates the median value using these virtual neighbors, resulting in a more accurate smoothing process at the image edges.

Example

In here, we are trying to calculate the median filter with the reflect mode −

import mahotas as mh
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as mtplt
image=mh.imread(''nature.jpeg'', as_grey = True)
structuring_element = mh.morph.dilate(mh.disk(12), Bc=mh.disk(12))
filtered_image = mh.median_filter(image, structuring_element, mode=''reflect'')
# Displaying the original image
fig, axes = mtplt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(9, 4))
axes[0].imshow(image, cmap=''gray'')
axes[0].set_title(''Original Image'')
axes[0].axis(''off'')
# Displaying the median filtered image
axes[1].imshow(filtered_image, cmap=''gray'')
axes[1].set_title(''Median Filtered'')
axes[1].axis(''off'')
mtplt.show()

Output

Output of the above code is as follows −

By Storing Result in an Output Array

We can store the result of the median filter in an output array as well using Mahotas. To achieve this, we first need to create an empty array using the NumPy library.

This array is initialized with the same shape and data type as the input image to store the resultant filtered image.

Finally, we store the resultant filtered image in the output array by passing it as a parameter to the median_filter() function.

Example

Now, we are trying to apply median filter to a grayscale image and store the result in a specific output array −

import mahotas as mh
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as mtplt
image=mh.imread(''pic.jpg'', as_grey = True)
# Create an output array for the filtered image
output = np.empty(image.shape)
# store the result in the output array
mh.median_filter(image, Bc=mh.disk(12), out=output)
# Displaying the original image
fig, axes = mtplt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(9, 4))
axes[0].imshow(image, cmap=''gray'')
axes[0].set_title(''Original Image'')
axes[0].axis(''off'')
# Displaying the median filtered image
axes[1].imshow(output, cmap=''gray'')
axes[1].set_title(''Median Filtered'')
axes[1].axis(''off'')
mtplt.show()

Output

Following is the output of the above code −