SaltStack – Remote Execution


SaltStack – Remote Execution

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One of the core concepts of Salt is remote execution. Salt can execute commands across thousands of systems in a matter of seconds. Salt uses its own command to do this functionality. Let us now understand the different Salt commands for remote execution in the chapter.

Salt Command

Salt command enables the Salt master to communicate with one or more Salt minions. The basic syntax is as follows,

salt ''<target>'' <module.function> [arguments]

The above command syntax consists of the following three main components.

  • target − It determines which systems is applied by the command.

  • module.function − It is a command. Commands consists of a module and function.

  • arguments − Additional data needed for calling the function.

Let us understand each of the components in detail.

What is the Target Component?

Target is a component, which allows you to filter minions (managed system) to run the function. A simple command using the target component is defined below.

salt ''*'' test.ping

It will produce the following output −

minion2:
   True
minion1:
   True

Here, the target ‘*’ represents all the managed systems. The ‘test’ here is a module and ping is a function. This is used to test the ping service in the remote system. We will learn about the different modules and its functions in subsequent chapters.

Targets using ID (minion)

You can send a command to a specific minion using its id in the target. Instead of using ”*”, you can replace it using minion id. It is defined below.

salt ''minion1’ test.ping

It will produce the following output −

minion1:
   True

Targets using Regular Expression

Targets can be filtered by specific regular expression. It is defined below.

salt -E ''minion[0-9]'' test.ping

It will produce the following output −

minion2:
   True
minion1:
   True

Targets using List

Targets can be explicitly specified in a list. It is defined in the following code block.

salt -L ''minion1,minion2'' test.ping

It will produce the following output −

minion2:
   True
minion1:
   True

Targets by Condition

Targets can be combined in one command as shown in the code block below.

salt -C ''G@os:Ubuntu and minion* or [email protected].*'' test.ping

It will produce the following output −

minion1:
   True
minion2:
   True

Module and Functions (module.function)

Salt can execute shell commands; update packages and distribute files, etc., in all of its managed systems simultaneously. Salt does these operations using modules. Salt has special modules for all the available functionalities. Let us understand the different Salt modules using some simple example in this chapter.

Shell Command

Salt executes shell commands remotely across multiple systems using the cmd.run command. The cmd is the main module and run is one of the function available in the cmd module. The run function enables any shell command to be executed in the remote system as shown in the code block below.

salt ''*'' cmd.run ''ls -l /etc''

It will produce the following output −

minion2:
   total 868
   drwxr-xr-x 7 root root    4096 Jan 26 22:10 X11
   drwxr-xr-x 3 root root    4096 Jan 26 21:02 acpi
   -rw-r--r-- 1 root root    2981 Jan 26 20:48 adduser.conf
   -rw-r--r-- 1 root root      10 Jan 26 21:04 adjtime
   drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jan 26 22:10 alternatives
   drwxr-xr-x 3 root root    4096 Jan 26 20:53 apm
   drwxr-xr-x 3 root root    4096 Jan 26 21:02 apparmor
   drwxr-xr-x 9 root root    4096 Jan 26 21:02 apparmor.d
   drwxr-xr-x 3 root root    4096 Jan 26 21:02 apport
   drwxr-xr-x 6 root root    4096 Jan 29 07:14 apt
   drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jan 26 22:10 at-spi2
……………
……………
minion1:
   total 868
   drwxr-xr-x 7 root root    4096 Jan 26 22:10 X11
   drwxr-xr-x 3 root root    4096 Jan 26 21:02 acpi
   -rw-r--r-- 1 root root    2981 Jan 26 20:48 adduser.conf
   -rw-r--r-- 1 root root      10 Jan 26 21:04 adjtime
   drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jan 26 22:10 alternatives
   drwxr-xr-x 3 root root    4096 Jan 26 20:53 apm

   drwxr-xr-x 3 root root    4096 Jan 26 21:02 apparmor
   drwxr-xr-x 9 root root    4096 Jan 26 21:02 apparmor.d
   drwxr-xr-x 3 root root    4096 Jan 26 21:02 apport
   drwxr-xr-x 6 root root    4096 Jan 29 07:09 apt
   drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jan 26 22:10 at-spi2
   -rw-r----- 1 root daemon   144 Oct 21  2013 at.deny
   -rw-r--r-- 1 root root    2177 Apr  9  2014 bash.bashrc
   -rw-r--r-- 1 root root      45 Mar 22  2014 bash_completion
……………
……………

Show Disk Usage

Salt provides a special module, disk to get the complete disk details of the managed system. The diskmodule has a usage function to query the details.

salt ''*'' disk.usage

It will produce the following output −

minion1:
   ----------
   /:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         41251136
      available:
         37852804
      capacity:
         5%
      filesystem:
         /dev/sda1
      used:
         1662420
   /dev:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         503908
      available:
         503896
      capacity:
         1%
      filesystem:
         udev
      used:
         12
   /run:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         101780
      available:
         101412
      capacity:
         1%
      filesystem:
         tmpfs
      used:
         368
   /run/lock:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         5120
      available:
         5120
      capacity:
         0%
      filesystem:
         none
      used:
         0
   /run/shm:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         508884
      available:
         508872
      capacity:
         1%
      filesystem:
         none
      used:
         12
   /run/user:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         102400
      available:
         102400
      capacity:
         0%
      filesystem:
         none
      used:
         0
   /sys/fs/cgroup:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         4
      available:
         4
      capacity:
         0%
      filesystem:
         none
      used:
         0
   /vagrant:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         303114632
      available:
         252331440
      capacity:
         17%
      filesystem:
         none
      used:
         50783192
minion2:
   ----------
   /:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         41251136
      available:
         37852804
      capacity:
         5%
      filesystem:
         /dev/sda1
      used:
         1662420
   /dev:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         503908
      available:
         503896
      capacity:
         1%
      filesystem:
         udev
      used:
         12
   /run:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         101780
      available:
         101412
      capacity:
         1%
      filesystem:
         tmpfs
      used:
         368
   /run/lock:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         5120
      available:
         5120
      capacity:
         0%
      filesystem:
         none
      used:
         0
   /run/shm:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         508884
      available:
         508872
      capacity:
         1%
      filesystem:
         none
      used:
         12
   /run/user:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         102400
      available:
         102400
      capacity:
         0%
      filesystem:
         none
      used:
            0
   /sys/fs/cgroup:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         4
      available:
         4
      capacity:
         0%
      filesystem:
         none
      used:
         0
   /vagrant:
      ----------
      1K-blocks:
         303114632
      available:
         252331440
      capacity:
         17%
      filesystem:
         none
      used:
         50783192

Network Interfaces

Salt provides a separate module, network and function, interfaces inside the module to query the network interface information about the managed systems.

salt ''*'' network.interfaces

It will produce the following output −

minion1:
   ----------
   eth0:
      ----------
      hwaddr:
         08:00:27:04:3e:28
      inet:
         |_
            ----------
            address:
               10.0.2.15
            broadcast:
               10.0.2.255
            label:
               eth0
            netmask:
               255.255.255.0
      inet6:
         |_
            ----------
            address:
               fe80::a00:27ff:fe04:3e28
            prefixlen:
               64
            scope:
               link
      up:
         True
   eth1:
      ----------
      hwaddr:
         08:00:27:34:10:52
      inet:
         |_
            ----------
            address:
               192.168.50.11
            broadcast:
               192.168.50.255
            label:
               eth1
            netmask:
               255.255.255.0
      inet6:
         |_
            ----------
            address:
               fe80::a00:27ff:fe34:1052
            prefixlen:
               64
            scope:
               link
      up:
         True
   lo:
      ----------
      hwaddr:
         00:00:00:00:00:00
      inet:
         |_
            ----------
            address:
               127.0.0.1
            broadcast:
               None
            label:
               lo
            netmask:
               255.0.0.0
      inet6:
         |_
            ----------
            address:
               ::1
            prefixlen:
               128
            scope:
               host
      up:
         True
minion2:
   ----------
   eth0:
      ----------
      hwaddr:
         08:00:27:04:3e:28
      inet:
         |_
            ----------
            address:
               10.0.2.15
            broadcast:
               10.0.2.255
            label:
               eth0
            netmask:
               255.255.255.0
      inet6:
         |_
            ----------
            address:
               fe80::a00:27ff:fe04:3e28
            prefixlen:
               64
            scope:
               link
      up:
         True
   eth1:
      ----------
      hwaddr:
         08:00:27:a7:31:8e
      inet:
         |_
            ----------
            address:
               192.168.50.12
            broadcast:
               192.168.50.255
            label:
               eth1
            netmask:
               255.255.255.0
      inet6:
         |_
            ----------
            address:
               fe80::a00:27ff:fea7:318e
            prefixlen:
               64
            scope:
               link
      up:
         True
   lo:
      ----------
      hwaddr:
         00:00:00:00:00:00
      inet:
         |_
            ----------
            address:
               127.0.0.1
            broadcast:
               None
            label:
               lo
            netmask:
               255.0.0.0
      inet6:
         |_
            ----------
            address:
               ::1
            prefixlen:
               128
            scope:
               host
      up:
         True

sys.doc Execution Module

Salt functions can be sent to the sys.doc execution module. This is used to get the details on any module directly from the command line. The Salt functions are self-documenting. All the function documentation can be retrieved from the minions via the sys.doc() function, which is defined below.

salt ''*'' sys.doc

Arguments for a Function Call

Arguments are used to provide additional data for the function call. A simple argument example is given below.

salt ''*'' sys.doc pkg.install

Here, the argument pkg.install is a module to install specific packages.

Python Function

Arguments are space-delimited parameters to the function. It allows the python code to be passed as arguments as given below.

salt ''*'' cmd.exec_code python ''import sys;print sys.version''

It will produce the following output −

minion2:
   2.7.6 (default, Oct 26 2016, 20:30:19) 
   [GCC 4.8.4]
minion1:
   2.7.6 (default, Oct 26 2016, 20:30:19) 
   [GCC 4.8.4]

Similarly, you can use optional keywords and the YAML format as well.



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