A MongoEngine document class has one or more attributes. Each attribute is an object of Field class. BaseField is the base class or all field types. The BaseField class constructor has the following arguments −

BaseField(db_field, required, default, unique, primary_key)

The db_field represents name of database field.

The required parameter decides whether value for this field is required, default is false.

The default parameter contains default value of this field

The unique parameter is false by default. Set to true if you want this field to have unique value for each document.

The primary_key parameter defaults to false. True makes this field primary key.

There are a number of Field classes derived from BaseField.

Numeric Fields

IntField (32bit integer), LongField (64 bit integer), FloatField (floating point number) field constructors have min_value and max_value parameters.

There is also DecimalField class. Value of this field’s object is a float whose precision can be specified. Following arguments are defined for DecimalField class −

DecimalField(min_value, max_value, force_string, precision, rounding)

Text Fields

StringField object can store any Unicode value. You can specify min_length and max_length of the string in the constructor. URLField object is a StringField with capability to validate input as a URL. EmailField validates the string as a valid email representation.

StringField(max-length, min_length)
URLField(url_regex)
EmailField(domain_whiltelist, allow_utf8_user, allow_ip_domain)

The domain_whitelist argument contains list of invalid domains which you would not support. If set to True, allow_utf8_user parameter allows the string to contain UTF8 characters as a part of email. The allow_ip_domain parameter is false by default, but if true, it can be a valid IPV4 or IPV6 address.

Following example uses numeric and string fields −

from mongoengine import *
connect(''studentDB'')
class Student(Document):
   studentid = StringField(required=True)
   name = StringField()
   age=IntField(min_value=6, max-value=20)
   percent=DecimalField(precision=2)
   email=EmailField()
s1=Student()
s1.studentid=''001''
s1.name=''Mohan Lal''
s1.age=20
s1.percent=75
s1.email=''[email protected]''
s1.save()

When above code is executed, the student collection shows a document as below −

ListField

This type of field wraps any standard field, thus allowing multiple objects to be used as a list object in a database. This field can be used with ReferenceField to implement one to many relationships.

The student document class from above example is modified as below −

from mongoengine import *
connect(''studentDB'')
class Student(Document):
   studentid = StringField(required=True)
   name = StringField(max_length=50)
   subjects = ListField(StringField())
s1=Student()
s1.studentid=''A001''
s1.name=''Mohan Lal''
s1.subjects=[''phy'', ''che'', ''maths'']
s1.save()

The document added is shown in JSON format as follows −

{
"_id":{"$oid":"5ea6a1f4d8d48409f9640319"},
"studentid":"A001",
"name":"Mohan Lal",
"subjects":["phy","che","maths"]
}

DictField

An object of DictField class stores a Python dictionary object. In the corresponding database field as well, this will be stored.

In place of ListField in the above example, we change its type to DictField.

from mongoengine import *
connect(''studentDB'')
class Student(Document):
   studentid = StringField(required=True)
   name = StringField(max_length=50)
   subjects = DictField()
s1=Student()
s1.studentid=''A001''
s1.name=''Mohan Lal''
s1.subjects[''phy'']=60
s1.subjects[''che'']=70
s1.subjects[''maths'']=80
s1.save()

Document in the database appears as follows −

{
"_id":{"$oid":"5ea6cfbe1788374c81ccaacb"},
"studentid":"A001",
"name":"Mohan Lal",
"subjects":{"phy":{"$numberInt":"60"},
            "che":{"$numberInt":"70"},
            "maths":{"$numberInt":"80"}
            }
}

ReferenceField

A MongoDB document can store reference to another document using this type of field. This way, we can implement join as in RDBMS. A ReferenceField constructor uses name of other document class as parameter.

class doc1(Document):
   field1=StringField()
class doc2(Document):
   field1=StringField()
   field2=ReferenceField(doc1)

In following example, StudentDB database contains two document classes, student and teacher. Document of Student class contains reference to an object of teacher class.

from mongoengine import *
connect(''studentDB'')
class Teacher (Document):
   tid=StringField(required=True)
   name=StringField()
class Student(Document):
   sid = StringField(required=True)
   name = StringField()
   tid=ReferenceField(Teacher)

t1=Teacher()
t1.tid=''T1''
t1.name=''Murthy''
t1.save()

s1=Student()
s1.sid=''S1''
s1.name=''Mohan''
s1.tid=t1
s1.save()

Run above code and verify result in Compass GUI. Two collections corresponding to two document classes are created in StudentDB database.

The teacher document added is as follows −

{
"_id":{"$oid":"5ead627463976ea5159f3081"},
"tid":"T1",
"name":"Murthy"
}

The student document shows the contents as below −

{
"_id":{"$oid":"5ead627463976ea5159f3082"},
"sid":"S1",
"name":"Mohan",
"tid":{"$oid":"5ead627463976ea5159f3081"}
}

Note that ReferenceField in Student document stores _id of corresponding Teacher document. When accessed, Student object is automatically turned into a reference, and dereferenced when corresponding Teacher object is accessed.

To add reference to document being defined, use ‘self’ instead of other document class as argument to ReferenceField. It may be noted that use of ReferenceField may cause poor performance as far retrieval of documents is concerned.

The ReferenceField constructor also has one optional argument as reverse_delete_rule. Its value determines what to be done if the referred document is deleted.

The possible values are as follows −

• DO_NOTHING (0) – don’t do anything (default).

• NULLIFY (1) – Updates the reference to null.

• CASCADE (2) – Deletes the documents associated with the reference.

• DENY (3) – Prevent the deletion of the reference object.

• PULL (4) – Pull the reference from a ListField of references

You can implement one to many relationship using list of references. Assuming that a student document has to be related with one or more teacher documents, the Student class must have a ListField of ReferenceField instances.

from mongoengine import *
connect(''studentDB'')
class Teacher (Document):
tid=StringField(required=True)
name=StringField()
class Student(Document):
   sid = StringField(required=True)
   name = StringField()
   tid=ListField(ReferenceField(Teacher))
t1=Teacher()
t1.tid=''T1''
t1.name=''Murthy''
t1.save()
t2=Teacher()
t2.tid=''T2''
t2.name=''Saxena''
t2.save()
s1=Student()
s1.sid=''S1''
s1.name=''Mohan''
s1.tid=[t1,t2]
s1.save()

On verifying result of the above code in Compass, you will find the student document having reference of two teacher documents −

Teacher Collection
{
"_id":{"$oid":"5eaebcb61ae527e0db6d15e4"},
"tid":"T1","name":"Murthy"
}
{
"_id":{"$oid":"5eaebcb61ae527e0db6d15e5"},
"tid":"T2","name":"Saxena"
}
Student collection
{
"_id":{"$oid":"5eaebcb61ae527e0db6d15e6"},
"sid":"S1","name":"Mohan",
"tid":[{"$oid":"5eaebcb61ae527e0db6d15e4"},{"$oid":"5eaebcb61ae527e0db6d15e5"}]
}

DateTimeField

An instance of DateTimeField class allows data in date format in MongoDB database. MongoEngine looks for Python-DateUtil library for parsing data in appropriate date format. If it is not available in current installation, date is represented using built-in time module’s time.strptime() function. Default value of field of this type is current datetime instance.

DynamicField

Different and varying type of data can be handled by this field. This type of field is internally used by DynamicDocument class.

ImageField

This type of field corresponds to field in document that can store an image file. Constructor of this class can accept size and thumbnail_size parameters (both in terms of pixel size).