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The primitive data-type of Tcl is string and often we can find quotes on Tcl as string only language. These primitive data-types in turn create composite data-types for list and associative array. In Tcl, data-types can represent not only the simple Tcl objects, but also can represent complex objects such as handles, graphic objects (mostly widgets), and I/O channels. Let”s look into the details about each of the above.
Simple Tcl Objects
In Tcl, whether it is an integer number, boolean, floating point number, or a string. When you want to use a variable, you can directly assign a value to it, there is no step of declaration in Tcl. There can be internal representations for these different types of objects. It can transform one data-type to another when required. The syntax for assigning value to variable is as follows −
#!/usr/bin/tclsh set myVariable 18 puts $myVariable
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
18
The above statement will create a variable name myVariable and stores it as a string even though, we have not used double quotations. Now, if we try to make an arithmetic on the variable, it is automatically turned to an integer. A simple example is shown below −
#!/usr/bin/tclsh set myVariable 18 puts [expr $myVariable + 6 + 9]
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
33
One important thing to note is that, these variables don”t have any default values and must be assigned value before they are used.
If we try to print using puts, the number is transformed into proper string. Having two representations, internal and external, help Tcl to create complex data structures easily compared to other languages. Also, Tcl is more efficient due to its dynamic object nature.
String Representations
Unlike other languages, in Tcl, you need not include double quotes when it”s only a single word. An example can be −
#!/usr/bin/tclsh set myVariable hello puts $myVariable
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
hello
When we want to represent multiple strings, we can use either double quotes or curly braces. It is shown below −
#!/usr/bin/tclsh
set myVariable "hello world"
puts $myVariable
set myVariable {hello world}
puts $myVariable
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
hello world hello world
List
List is nothing but a group of elements. A group of words either using double quotes or curly braces can be used to represent a simple list. A simple list is shown below −
#!/usr/bin/tclsh
set myVariable {red green blue}
puts [lindex $myVariable 2]
set myVariable "red green blue"
puts [lindex $myVariable 1]
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
blue green
Associative Array
Associative arrays have an index (key) that is not necessarily an integer. It is generally a string that acts like key value pairs. A simple example is shown below −
#!/usr/bin/tclsh set marks(english) 80 puts $marks(english) set marks(mathematics) 90 puts $marks(mathematics)
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
80 90
Handles
Tcl handles are commonly used to represent files and graphics objects. These can include handles to network requests and also other channels like serial port communication, sockets, or I/O devices. The following is an example where a file handle is created.
set myfile [open "filename" r]
You will see more detail on files in the Tcl file I/O chapter.
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