This chapter takes you through the Scala Strings. In Scala, as in Java, a string is an immutable object, that is, an object that cannot be modified. On the other hand, objects that can be modified, like arrays, are called mutable objects. Strings are very useful objects, in the rest of this section, we present important methods of java.lang.String class.

Creating a String

The following code can be used to create a String −

var greeting = "Hello world!";

or

var greeting:String = "Hello world!";

Whenever compiler encounters a string literal in the code, it creates a String object with its value, in this case, “Hello world!”. String keyword can also be given in alternate declaration as shown above.

Try the following example program.

Example

object Demo {
   val greeting: String = "Hello, world!"

   def main(args: Array[String]) {
      println( greeting )
   }
}

Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and execute this program.

Command

>scalac Demo.scala
>scala Demo

Output

Hello, world!

As mentioned earlier, String class is immutable. String object once created cannot be changed. If there is a necessity to make a lot of modifications to Strings of characters then use String Builder Class available in Scala!.

String Length

Methods used to obtain information about an object are known as accessor methods. One accessor method that can be used with strings is the length() method, which returns the number of characters contained in the string object.

Use the following code segment to find the length of a string −

Example

object Demo {
   def main(args: Array[String]) {
      var palindrome = "Dot saw I was Tod";
      var len = palindrome.length();
      
      println( "String Length is : " + len );
   }
}

Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and execute this program.

Command

>scalac Demo.scala
>scala Demo

Output

String Length is : 17

Concatenating Strings

The String class includes a method for concatenating two strings −

string1.concat(string2);

This returns a new string that is string1 with string2 added to it at the end. You can also use the concat() method with string literals, as in −

"My name is ".concat("Zara");

Strings are more commonly concatenated with the + operator, as in −

"Hello," + " world" + "!"

Which results in −

"Hello, world!"

The following lines of code to find string length.

Example

object Demo {
   def main(args: Array[String]) {
      var str1 = "Dot saw I was ";
      var str2 =  "Tod";
      
      println("Dot " + str1 + str2);
   }
}

Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and execute this program.

Command

>scalac Demo.scala
>scala Demo

Output

Dot Dot saw I was Tod

Creating Format Strings

You have printf() and format() methods to print output with formatted numbers. The String class has an equivalent class method, format(), that returns a String object rather than a PrintStream object.

Try the following example program, which makes use of printf() method −

Example

object Demo {
   def main(args: Array[String]) {
      var floatVar = 12.456
      var intVar = 2000
      var stringVar = "Hello, Scala!"
      
      var fs = printf("The value of the float variable is " + "%f, while the value of the integer " + "variable is %d, and the string" + "is %s", floatVar, intVar, stringVar);
      
      println(fs)
   }
}

Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and execute this program.

command

>scalac Demo.scala
>scala Demo

Output

The value of the float variable is 12.456000, 
while the value of the integer variable is 2000, 
and the string is Hello, Scala!()

String Interpolation

String Interpolation is the new way to create Strings in Scala programming language. This feature supports the versions of Scala-2.10 and later. String Interpolation: The mechanism to embed variable references directly in process string literal.

There are three types (interpolators) of implementations in String Interpolation.

The ‘s’ String Interpolator

The literal ‘s’ allows the usage of variable directly in processing a string, when you prepend ‘s’ to it. Any String variable with in a scope that can be used with in a String. The following are the different usages of ‘s’ String interpolator.

The following example code snippet for the implementation of ‘s’ interpolator in appending String variable ($name) to a normal String (Hello) in println statement.

val name = “James”
println(s “Hello, $name”) //output: Hello, James

String interpolater can also process arbitrary expressions. The following code snippet for Processing a String (1 + 1) with arbitrary expression (${1 + 1}) using ‘s’ String interpolator. Any arbitrary expression can be embedded in ‘${}’.

println(s “1 + 1 = ${1 + 1}”) //output: 1 + 1 = 2

Try the following example program of implementing ‘s’ interpolator.

Example

object Demo {
   def main(args: Array[String]) {
      val name = "James"
      
      println(s"Hello, $name")
      println(s"1 + 1 = ${1 + 1}")
   }
}

Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and execute this program.

Command

>scalac Demo.scala
>scala Demo

Output

Hello, James
1 + 1 = 2

The ‘ f ’ Interpolator

The literal ‘f’ interpolator allows to create a formatted String, similar to printf in C language. While using ‘f’ interpolator, all variable references should be followed by the printf style format specifiers such as %d, %i, %f, etc.

Let us take an example of append floating point value (height = 1.9d) and String variable (name = “James”) with normal string. The following code snippet of implementing ‘f’ Interpolator. Here $name%s to print (String variable) James and $height%2.2f to print (floating point value) 1.90.

val height = 1.9d
val name = "James"
println(f"$name%s is $height%2.2f meters tall") //James is 1.90 meters tall

It is type safe (i.e.) the variable reference and following format specifier should match otherwise it is showing error. The ‘ f ’ interpolator makes use of the String format utilities (format specifiers) available in Java. By default means, there is no % character after variable reference. It will assume as %s (String).

‘raw’ Interpolator

The ‘raw’ interpolator is similar to ‘s’ interpolator except that it performs no escaping of literals within a string. The following code snippets in a table will differ the usage of ‘s’ and ‘raw’ interpolators. In outputs of ‘s’ usage ‘n’ effects as new line and in output of ‘raw’ usage the ‘n’ will not effect. It will print the complete string with escape letters.

object Demo {
   def main(args: Array[String]) {
      println(s"Result = n a n b")
   }
}

object Demo {
   def main(args: Array[String]) {
      println(raw"Result = n a n b")
   }
}

Result =
a
b

Result = n a n b

String Methods

Following is the list of methods defined by java.lang.String class and can be used directly in your Scala programs −