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This chapter will give you the basic understanding on how to process and manipulate dates and times in Perl.
Current Date and Time
Let”s start with localtime() function, which returns values for the current date and time if given no arguments. Following is the 9-element list returned by the localtime function while using in list context −
sec, # seconds of minutes from 0 to 61 min, # minutes of hour from 0 to 59 hour, # hours of day from 0 to 24 mday, # day of month from 1 to 31 mon, # month of year from 0 to 11 year, # year since 1900 wday, # days since sunday yday, # days since January 1st isdst # hours of daylight savings time
Try the following example to print different elements returned by localtime() function −
#!/usr/local/bin/perl @months = qw( Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ); @days = qw(Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun); ($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst) = localtime(); print "$mday $months[$mon] $days[$wday]n";
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
16 Feb Sat
If you will use localtime() function in scalar context, then it will return date and time from the current time zone set in the system. Try the following example to print current date and time in full format −
#!/usr/local/bin/perl $datestring = localtime(); print "Local date and time $datestringn";
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
Local date and time Sat Feb 16 06:50:45 2013
GMT Time
The function gmtime() works just like localtime() function but the returned values are localized for the standard Greenwich time zone. When called in list context, $isdst, the last value returned by gmtime, is always 0. There is no Daylight Saving Time in GMT.
You should make a note on the fact that localtime() will return the current local time on the machine that runs the script and gmtime() will return the universal Greenwich Mean Time, or GMT (or UTC).
Try the following example to print the current date and time but on GMT scale −
#!/usr/local/bin/perl $datestring = gmtime(); print "GMT date and time $datestringn";
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
GMT date and time Sat Feb 16 13:50:45 2013
Format Date and Time
You can use localtime() function to get a list of 9-elements and later you can use the printf() function to format date and time based on your requirements as follows −
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst) = localtime();
printf("Time Format - HH:MM:SSn");
printf("%02d:%02d:%02d", $hour, $min, $sec);
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
Time Format - HH:MM:SS 06:58:52
Epoch time
You can use the time() function to get epoch time, i.e., the numbers of seconds that have elapsed since a given date, in Unix is January 1, 1970.
#!/usr/local/bin/perl $epoc = time(); print "Number of seconds since Jan 1, 1970 - $epocn";
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
Number of seconds since Jan 1, 1970 - 1361022130
You can convert a given number of seconds into date and time string as follows −
#!/usr/local/bin/perl $datestring = localtime(); print "Current date and time $datestringn"; $epoc = time(); $epoc = $epoc - 24 * 60 * 60; # one day before of current date. $datestring = localtime($epoc); print "Yesterday''s date and time $datestringn";
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
Current date and time Tue Jun 5 05:54:43 2018 Yesterday''s date and time Mon Jun 4 05:54:43 2018
POSIX Function strftime()
You can use the POSIX function strftime() to format date and time with the help of the following table. Please note that the specifiers marked with an asterisk (*) are locale-dependent.
| Specifier | Replaced by | Example |
|---|---|---|
%a |
Abbreviated weekday name * | Thu |
%A |
Full weekday name * | Thursday |
%b |
Abbreviated month name * | Aug |
%B |
Full month name * | August |
%c |
Date and time representation * | Thu Aug 23 14:55:02 2001 |
%C |
Year divided by 100 and truncated to integer (00-99) |
20 |
%d |
Day of the month, zero-padded (01-31) |
23 |
%D |
Short MM/DD/YY date, equivalent to %m/%d/%y |
08/23/01 |
%e |
Day of the month, space-padded ( 1-31) |
23 |
%F |
Short YYYY-MM-DD date, equivalent to %Y-%m-%d |
2001-08-23 |
%g |
Week-based year, last two digits (00-99) |
01 |
%G |
Week-based year | 2001 |
%h |
Abbreviated month name * (same as %b) |
Aug |
%H |
Hour in 24h format (00-23) |
14 |
%I |
Hour in 12h format (01-12) |
02 |
%j |
Day of the year (001-366) |
235 |
%m |
Month as a decimal number (01-12) |
08 |
%M |
Minute (00-59) |
55 |
%n |
New-line character (''n'') |
|
%p |
AM or PM designation | PM |
%r |
12-hour clock time * | 02:55:02 pm |
%R |
24-hour HH:MM time, equivalent to %H:%M |
14:55 |
%S |
Second (00-61) |
02 |
%t |
Horizontal-tab character (''t'') |
|
%T |
ISO 8601 time format (HH:MM:SS), equivalent to %H:%M:%S |
14:55 |
%u |
ISO 8601 weekday as number with Monday as 1 (1-7) |
4 |
%U |
Week number with the first Sunday as the first day of week one (00-53) |
33 |
%V |
ISO 8601 week number (00-53) |
34 |
%w |
Weekday as a decimal number with Sunday as 0 (0-6) |
4 |
%W |
Week number with the first Monday as the first day of week one (00-53) |
34 |
%x |
Date representation * | 08/23/01 |
%X |
Time representation * | 14:55:02 |
%y |
Year, last two digits (00-99) |
01 |
%Y |
Year | 2001 |
%z |
ISO 8601 offset from UTC in timezone (1 minute = 1, 1 hour = 100) If timezone cannot be termined, no characters |
+100 |
%Z |
Timezone name or abbreviation * If timezone cannot be termined, no characters |
CDT |
%% |
A % sign |
% |
Let”s check the following example to understand the usage −
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
use POSIX qw(strftime);
$datestring = strftime "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y", localtime;
printf("date and time - $datestringn");
# or for GMT formatted appropriately for your locale:
$datestring = strftime "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y", gmtime;
printf("date and time - $datestringn");
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
date and time - Sat Feb 16 07:10:23 2013 date and time - Sat Feb 16 14:10:23 2013
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