import std.stdio;
  
int main(string[] args) { 
   writefln("HellotWorld%cn",''x21''); 
   writefln("Have a good day%c",''x21''); 
   return 0; 
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

Hello   World!

Have a good day!

String Literals

String literals are enclosed in double quotes. A string contains characters that are similar to character literals: plain characters, escape sequences, and universal characters.

You can break a long line into multiple lines using string literals and separate them using whitespaces.

Here are some examples of string literals −

import std.stdio;

int main(string[] args) {
   writeln(q"MY_DELIMITER
      Hello World
      Have a good day
      MY_DELIMITER");

   writefln("Have a good day%c",''x21''); 
   auto str = q{int value = 20; ++value;}; 
   writeln(str); 
}

In the above example, you can find the use of q”MY_DELIMITER MY_DELIMITER” to represent multi line characters. Also, you can see q{} to represent an D language statement itself.

D Programming – Operators

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. D language is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators −

• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Misc Operators

This chapter explains arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment, and other operators one by one.

Arithmetic Operators

The following table shows all arithmetic operators supported by D language. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then −

Show Examples

Relational Operators

The following table shows all the relational operators supported by D language. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Show Examples

Logical Operators

The following table shows all the logical operators supported by D language. Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then −

Show Examples

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ are as follows −

Assume if A = 60; and B = 13. In the binary format they will be as follows −

A = 0011 1100

B = 0000 1101

—————–

A&B = 0000 1100

A|B = 0011 1101

A^B = 0011 0001

~A  = 1100 0011

The Bitwise operators supported by D language are listed in the following table. Assume variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then −

Show Examples

Assignment Operators

The following assignment operators are supported by D language −

Show Examples

Miscillaneous Operators − Sizeof and Ternary

There are few other important operators including sizeof and ? : supported by D Language.

Show Examples

Operators Precedence in D

Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators are given precedence over others.

For example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator.

Let us consider an expression

x = 7 + 3 * 2.

Here, x is assigned 13, not 20. The simple reason is, the operator * has higher precedence than +, hence 3*2 is calculated first and then the result is added into 7.

Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators are evaluated first.

Show Examples

D Programming – Loops

There may be a situation, when you need to execute a block of code several number of times. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on.

Programming languages provide various control structures that allow more complicated execution paths.

A loop statement executes a statement or group of statements multiple times. The following general form of a loop statement in mostly used in the programming languages −

D programming language provides the following types of loop to handle looping requirements. Click the following links to check their detail.

Loop Control Statements

Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were created in that scope are destroyed.

D supports the following control statements −

The Infinite Loop

A loop becomes infinite loop if a condition never becomes false. The for loop is traditionally used for this purpose. Since none of the three expressions that form the for loop are required, you can make an endless loop by leaving the conditional expression empty.

import std.stdio;

int main () {

   for( ; ; ) {
      writefln("This loop will run forever.");
   }
   return 0;
}

When the conditional expression is absent, it is assumed to be true. You may have an initialization and increment expression, but D programmers more commonly use the for(;;) construct to signify an infinite loop.

NOTE − You can terminate an infinite loop by pressing Ctrl + C keys.

D Programming – Decisions

The decision making structures contain condition to be evaluated along with the two sets of statements to be executed. One set of statements is executed if the condition it true and another set of statements is executed if the condition is false.

The following is the general form of a typical decision making structure found in most of the programming languages −

D programming language assumes any non-zero and non-null values as true, and if it is either zero or null, then it is assumed as false value.

D programming language provides the following types of decision making statements.

The ? : Operator in D

We have covered conditional operator ? : in previous chapter which can be used to replace if…else statements. It has the following general form

Exp1 ? Exp2 : Exp3;

Where Exp1, Exp2, and Exp3 are expressions. Notice the use and placement of the colon.

The value of a ? expression is determined as follows −

• Exp1 is evaluated. If it is true, then Exp2 is evaluated and becomes the value of the entire ? expression.

• If Exp1 is false, then Exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the expression.

D Programming – Functions

This chapter describes the functions used in D programming.

Function Definition in D

A basic function definition consists of a function header and a function body.

Syntax

return_type function_name( parameter list ) { 
   body of the function 
}

Here are all the parts of a function −

• Return Type − A function may return a value. The return_type is the data type of the value the function returns. Some functions perform the desired operations without returning a value. In this case, the return_type is the keyword void.

• Function Name − This is the actual name of the function. The function name and the parameter list together constitute the function signature.

• Parameters − A parameter is like a placeholder. When a function is invoked, you pass a value to the parameter. This value is referred to as actual parameter or argument. The parameter list refers to the type, order, and number of the parameters of a function. Parameters are optional; that is, a function may contain no parameters.

• Function Body − The function body contains a collection of statements that define what the function does.

Calling a Function

You can a call a function as follows −

function_name(parameter_values)

Function Types in D

D programming supports a wide range of functions and they are listed below.

• Pure Functions
• Nothrow Functions
• Ref Functions
• Auto Functions
• Variadic Functions
• Inout Functions
• Property Functions

The various functions are explained below.

Pure Functions

Pure functions are functions which cannot access global or static, mutable state save through their arguments. This can enable optimizations based on the fact that a pure function is guaranteed to mutate nothing which is not passed to it, and in cases where the compiler can guarantee that a pure function cannot alter its arguments, it can enable full, functional purity, that is, the guarantee that the function will always return the same result for the same arguments).

import std.stdio; 

int x = 10; 
immutable int y = 30; 
const int* p;  

pure int purefunc(int i,const char* q,immutable int* s) { 
   //writeln("Simple print"); //cannot call impure function ''writeln''
   
   debug writeln("in foo()"); // ok, impure code allowed in debug statement 
   // x = i;  // error, modifying global state 
   // i = x;  // error, reading mutable global state 
   // i = *p; // error, reading const global state
   i = y;     // ok, reading immutable global state 
   auto myvar = new int;     // Can use the new expression: 
   return i; 
}

void main() { 
   writeln("Value returned from pure function : ",purefunc(x,null,null)); 
}

Value returned from pure function : 30 

import std.stdio; 

int add(int a, int b) nothrow { 
   //writeln("adding"); This will fail because writeln may throw 
   int result; 
   
   try { 
      writeln("adding"); // compiles 
      result = a + b; 
   } catch (Exception error) { // catches all exceptions 
   }

   return result; 
} 
 
void main() { 
   writeln("Added value is ", add(10,20)); 
}

adding 
Added value is 30 

import std.stdio;

ref int greater(ref int first, ref int second) { 
   return (first > second) ? first : second; 
} 
 
void main() {
   int a = 1; 
   int b = 2;  
   
   greater(a, b) += 10;   
   writefln("a: %s, b: %s", a, b);   
}

a: 1, b: 12

import std.stdio;

auto add(int first, double second) { 
   double result = first + second; 
   return result; 
} 

void main() { 
   int a = 1; 
   double b = 2.5; 
   
   writeln("add(a,b) = ", add(a, b)); 
}

add(a,b) = 3.5

import std.stdio;
import core.vararg;

void printargs(int x, ...) {  
   for (int i = 0; i < _arguments.length; i++) {  
      write(_arguments[i]);  
   
      if (_arguments[i] == typeid(int)) { 
         int j = va_arg!(int)(_argptr); 
         writefln("t%d", j); 
      } else if (_arguments[i] == typeid(long)) { 
         long j = va_arg!(long)(_argptr); 
         writefln("t%d", j); 
      } else if (_arguments[i] == typeid(double)) { 
         double d = va_arg!(double)(_argptr); 
         writefln("t%g", d); 
      } 
   } 
}
  
void main() { 
   printargs(1, 2, 3L, 4.5); 
}

int 2 
long 3 
double 4.5

import std.stdio;

inout(char)[] qoutedWord(inout(char)[] phrase) { 
   return ''"'' ~ phrase ~ ''"'';
}

void main() { 
   char[] a = "test a".dup; 

   a = qoutedWord(a); 
   writeln(typeof(qoutedWord(a)).stringof," ", a);  

   const(char)[] b = "test b"; 
   b = qoutedWord(b); 
   writeln(typeof(qoutedWord(b)).stringof," ", b); 

   immutable(char)[] c = "test c"; 
   c = qoutedWord(c); 
   writeln(typeof(qoutedWord(c)).stringof," ", c); 
} 

char[] "test a" 
const(char)[] "test b" 
string "test c"

import std.stdio;

struct Rectangle { 
   double width; 
   double height;  

   double area() const @property {  
      return width*height;  
   } 

   void area(double newArea) @property {  
      auto multiplier = newArea / area; 
      width *= multiplier; 
      writeln("Value set!");  
   } 
}

void main() { 
   auto rectangle = Rectangle(20,10); 
   writeln("The area is ", rectangle.area);  
   
   rectangle.area(300); 
   writeln("Modified width is ", rectangle.width); 
}

The area is 200 
Value set! 
Modified width is 30

import std.stdio;
import std.uni;

void main() { 
   writeln("Is ğ lowercase? ", isLower(''ğ'')); 
   writeln("Is Ş lowercase? ", isLower(''Ş''));  
   
   writeln("Is İ uppercase? ", isUpper(''İ'')); 
   writeln("Is ç uppercase? ", isUpper(''ç'')); 
   
   writeln("Is z alphanumeric? ",       isAlpha(''z''));  
   writeln("Is new-line whitespace? ",  isWhite(''n'')); 
   
   writeln("Is underline whitespace? ", isWhite(''_''));  
   
   writeln("The lowercase of Ğ: ", toLower(''Ğ'')); 
   writeln("The lowercase of İ: ", toLower(''İ'')); 
   
   writeln("The uppercase of ş: ", toUpper(''ş'')); 
   writeln("The uppercase of ı: ", toUpper(''ı'')); 
}

Is ğ lowercase? true 
Is Ş lowercase? false 
Is İ uppercase? true 
Is ç uppercase? false
Is z alphanumeric? true 
Is new-line whitespace? true 
Is underline whitespace? false 
The lowercase of Ğ: ğ 
The lowercase of İ: i 
The uppercase of ş: Ş 
The uppercase of ı: I 

readf(" %s", &letter);

import std.stdio;

void main() { 
   char firstCode; 
   char secondCode; 
   
   write("Please enter a letter: "); 
   readf(" %s", &firstCode); 
   readf(" %s", &secondCode); 
   
   writeln("The letter that has been read: ", firstCode, secondCode); 
} 

Please enter a letter: ğ 
The letter that has been read: ğ

char[9]  greeting1 = "Hello all"; 
char[] greeting2 = "Good morning".dup; 

import std.stdio;

void main(string[] args) { 
   char[9] greeting1 = "Hello all"; 
   writefln("%s",greeting1); 

   char[] greeting2 = "Good morning".dup; 
   writefln("%s",greeting2); 
}

Hello all 
Good morning

string greeting1 = "Hello all";

import std.stdio;

void main(string[] args) { 
   string greeting1 = "Hello all"; 
   writefln("%s",greeting1);  
   
   char[] greeting2 = "Good morning".dup; 
   writefln("%s",greeting2);  
   
   string greeting3 = greeting1; 
   writefln("%s",greeting3); 
}

Hello all 
Good morning 
Hello all 

import std.stdio;

void main(string[] args) { 
   string greeting1 = "Good"; 
   char[] greeting2 = "morning".dup; 
   
   char[] greeting3 = greeting1~" "~greeting2; 
   writefln("%s",greeting3); 
   
   string greeting4 = "morning"; 
   string greeting5 = greeting1~" "~greeting4; 
   writefln("%s",greeting5); 
}

Good morning 
Good morning 

import std.stdio;  

void main(string[] args) { 
   string greeting1 = "Good"; 
   writefln("Length of string greeting1 is %d",greeting1.length); 
   
   char[] greeting2 = "morning".dup;        
   writefln("Length of string greeting2 is %d",greeting2.length); 
}

Length of string greeting1 is 4 
Length of string greeting2 is 7

import std.stdio; 
 
void main() { 
   string s1 = "Hello"; 
   string s2 = "World";
   string s3 = "World";
   
   if (s2 == s3) { 
      writeln("s2: ",s2," and S3: ",s3, "  are the same!"); 
   }
   
   if (s1 < s2) { 
      writeln("''", s1, "'' comes before ''", s2, "''."); 
   } else { 
      writeln("''", s2, "'' comes before ''", s1, "''."); 
   }
}

s2: World and S3: World are the same! 
''Hello'' comes before ''World''.

import std.stdio; 
import std.string; 
 
void main() {
   char[] s1 = "hello world ".dup; 
   char[] s2 = "sample".dup;
   
   s1[6..12] = s2[0..6]; 
   writeln(s1);
}

hello sample

import std.stdio;
import std.string;

void main() { 
   char[] s1 = "hello World ".dup; 
    
   writeln("indexOf of llo in hello is ",std.string.indexOf(s1,"llo")); 
   writeln(s1); 
   writeln("lastIndexOf of O in hello is " ,std.string.lastIndexOf(s1,"O",CaseSensitive.no));
}

indexOf.of llo in hello is 2 
hello World  
lastIndexOf of O in hello is 7

import std.stdio;
import std.string;

void main() { 
   char[] s1 = "hello World ".dup; 
   writeln("Capitalized string of s1 is ",capitalize(s1)); 
    
   writeln("Uppercase string of s1 is ",toUpper(s1)); 
    
   writeln("Lowercase string of s1 is ",toLower(s1));   
}

Capitalized string of s1 is Hello world  
Uppercase string of s1 is HELLO WORLD  
Lowercase string of s1 is hello world

import std.stdio;
import std.string;

void main() { 
   string s = "H123Hello1";  
   
   string result = munch(s, "0123456789H"); 
   writeln("Restrict trailing characters:",result);  
   
   result = squeeze(s, "0123456789H"); 
   writeln("Restrict leading characters:",result); 
   
   s = "  Hello World  "; 
   writeln("Stripping leading and trailing whitespace:",strip(s)); 
}

Restrict trailing characters:H123H 
Restrict leading characters:ello1 
Stripping leading and trailing whitespace:Hello World

type arrayName [ arraySize ];

double balance[10]; 

double balance[5] = [1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0];

double balance[] = [1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0]; 

balance[4] = 50.0; 

double salary = balance[9];

import std.stdio;  
void main() { 
   int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of 10 integers  
   
   // initialize elements of array n to 0 
   for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) { 
      n[ i ] = i + 100; // set element at location i to i + 100 
   }
   
   writeln("Element t Value");
   
   // output each array element''s value 
   for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ ) { 
      writeln(j," t ",n[j]); 
   } 
}

Element   Value 
0         100 
1         101 
2         102 
3         103 
4         104 
5         105 
6         106 
7         107 
8         108 
9         109

int[] dynamicArray; 

import std.stdio;

void main() {
   int n[ 5 ]; // n is an array of 5 integers 
   
   // initialize elements of array n to 0 
   for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) { 
      n[ i ] = i + 100; // set element at location i to i + 100 
   }
   
   writeln("Initialized value:",n.init); 
   
   writeln("Length: ",n.length); 
   writeln("Size of: ",n.sizeof); 
   writeln("Pointer:",n.ptr); 
   
   writeln("Duplicate Array: ",n.dup); 
   writeln("iDuplicate Array: ",n.idup);
   
   n = n.reverse.dup; 
   writeln("Reversed Array: ",n);
   
   writeln("Sorted Array: ",n.sort); 
}

Initialized value:[0, 0, 0, 0, 0] 

Length: 5 
Size of: 20 

Pointer:7FFF5A373920 
Duplicate Array: [100, 101, 102, 103, 104]
iDuplicate Array: [100, 101, 102, 103, 104] 
Reversed Array: [104, 103, 102, 101, 100] 
Sorted Array: [100, 101, 102, 103, 104]

type name[size1][size2]...[sizeN];

int threedim[5][10][4];

type arrayName [ x ][ y ];

int a[3][4] = [   
   [0, 1, 2, 3] ,   /*  initializers for row indexed by 0 */ 
   [4, 5, 6, 7] ,   /*  initializers for row indexed by 1 */ 
   [8, 9, 10, 11]   /*  initializers for row indexed by 2 */ 
];

int a[3][4] = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11];

int val = a[2][3];

import std.stdio; 
  
void main () { 
   // an array with 5 rows and 2 columns. 
   int a[5][2] = [ [0,0], [1,2], [2,4], [3,6],[4,8]];  
   
   // output each array element''s value                       
   for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) for ( int j = 0; j < 2; j++ ) {
      writeln( "a[" , i , "][" , j , "]: ",a[i][j]); 
   }
}

a[0][0]: 0 
a[0][1]: 0 
a[1][0]: 1 
a[1][1]: 2 
a[2][0]: 2 
a[2][1]: 4 
a[3][0]: 3 
a[3][1]: 6 
a[4][0]: 4 
a[4][1]: 8

import std.stdio;
  
void main () { 
   // an array with 5 elements. 
   double a[5] = [1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0]; 
   double[] b;
   
   b = a[1..3]; 
   writeln(b); 
}

[2, 3.4]

import std.stdio;

void main () { 
   // an array with 5 elements. 
   double a[5] = [1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0]; 
   double b[5]; 
   writeln("Array a:",a); 
   writeln("Array b:",b);  
   
   b[] = a;      // the 5 elements of a[5] are copied into b[5] 
   writeln("Array b:",b);  
   
   b[] = a[];   // the 5 elements of a[3] are copied into b[5] 
   writeln("Array b:",b); 
   
   b[1..2] = a[0..1]; // same as b[1] = a[0] 
   writeln("Array b:",b); 
   
   b[0..2] = a[1..3]; // same as b[0] = a[1], b[1] = a[2]
   writeln("Array b:",b); 
}

Array a:[1000, 2, 3.4, 17, 50] 
Array b:[nan, nan, nan, nan, nan] 
Array b:[1000, 2, 3.4, 17, 50] 
Array b:[1000, 2, 3.4, 17, 50] 
Array b:[1000, 1000, 3.4, 17, 50] 
Array b:[2, 3.4, 3.4, 17, 50]

import std.stdio;

void main () { 
   // an array with 5 elements. 
   double a[5]; 
   a[] = 5; 
   writeln("Array a:",a); 
}

Array a:[5, 5, 5, 5, 5]

import std.stdio;

void main () { 
   // an array with 5 elements. 
   double a[5] = 5; 
   double b[5] = 10; 
   double [] c; 
   c = a~b; 
   writeln("Array c: ",c); 
}

Array c: [5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10] 

import std.stdio;

void main () { 
   int[string] e;      // associative array b of ints that are  
   
   e["test"] = 3; 
   writeln(e["test"]); 
   
   string[string] f; 
   
   f["test"] = "Tuts"; 
   writeln(f["test"]); 
   
   writeln(f);  
   
   f.remove("test"); 
   writeln(f); 
}

3 
Tuts 
["test":"Tuts"] 
[]

import std.stdio;

void main () { 
   int[string] days = 
      [ "Monday" : 0, 
         "Tuesday" : 1, 
         "Wednesday" : 2, 
         "Thursday" : 3, 
         "Friday" : 4, 
         "Saturday" : 5, 
         "Sunday" : 6 ]; 
   writeln(days["Tuesday"]);    
}

1

import std.stdio;

void main () { 
   int[string] array1;

   array1["test"] = 3; 
   array1["test2"] = 20; 
   
   writeln("sizeof: ",array1.sizeof); 
   writeln("length: ",array1.length); 
   writeln("dup: ",array1.dup);  
   array1.rehash; 
   
   writeln("rehashed: ",array1);  
   writeln("keys: ",array1.keys); 
   writeln("values: ",array1.values);
   
   foreach (key; array1.byKey) { 
      writeln("by key: ",key); 
   }

   foreach (value; array1.byValue) { 
      writeln("by value ",value); 
   }

   writeln("get value for key test: ",array1.get("test",10)); 
   writeln("get value for key test3: ",array1.get("test3",10));  
   array1.remove("test"); 
   writeln(array1); 
} 

sizeof: 8                                                                          
length: 2                                                                          
dup: ["test":3, "test2":20]                                                        
rehashed: ["test":3, "test2":20]                                                   
keys: ["test", "test2"]                                                            
values: [3, 20]                                                                    
by key: test                                                                       
by key: test2                                                                      
by value 3                                                                         
by value 20                                                                        
get value for key test: 3                                                          
get value for key test3: 10                                                        
["test2":20]

import std.stdio;
 
void main () { 
   int var1; 
   writeln("Address of var1 variable: ",&var1);  
   
   char var2[10]; 
   writeln("Address of var2 variable: ",&var2); 
}

Address of var1 variable: 7FFF52691928 
Address of var2 variable: 7FFF52691930

type *var-name;

int    *ip;    // pointer to an integer 
double *dp;    // pointer to a double 
float  *fp;    // pointer to a float 
char   *ch     // pointer to character

import std.stdio; 

void main () { 
   int var = 20;   // actual variable declaration. 
   int *ip;        // pointer variable
   ip = &var;   // store address of var in pointer variable  
   
   writeln("Value of var variable: ",var); 
   
   writeln("Address stored in ip variable: ",ip); 
   
   writeln("Value of *ip variable: ",*ip); 
}

Value of var variable: 20 
Address stored in ip variable: 7FFF5FB7E930 
Value of *ip variable: 20

import std.stdio;

void main () { 
   int  *ptr = null; 
   writeln("The value of ptr is " , ptr) ;  
}

The value of ptr is null

if(ptr)     // succeeds if p is not null 
if(!ptr)    // succeeds if p is null

ptr++ 

import std.stdio; 
 
const int MAX = 3; 
 
void main () { 
   int var[MAX] = [10, 100, 200]; 
   int *ptr = &var[0];  

   for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++, ptr++) { 
      writeln("Address of var[" , i , "] = ",ptr); 
      writeln("Value of var[" , i , "] = ",*ptr); 
   } 
}

Address of var[0] = 18FDBC 
Value of var[0] = 10 
Address of var[1] = 18FDC0 
Value of var[1] = 100 
Address of var[2] = 18FDC4 
Value of var[2] = 200

import std.stdio; 
 
const int MAX = 3;
  
void main () { 
   int var[MAX] = [10, 100, 200]; 
   int *ptr = &var[0]; 
   var.ptr[2]  = 290; 
   ptr[0] = 220;  
   
   for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++, ptr++) { 
      writeln("Address of var[" , i , "] = ",ptr); 
      writeln("Value of var[" , i , "] = ",*ptr); 
   } 
}

Address of var[0] = 18FDBC 
Value of var[0] = 220 
Address of var[1] = 18FDC0 
Value of var[1] = 100 
Address of var[2] = 18FDC4 
Value of var[2] = 290

int **var; 

import std.stdio;  

const int MAX = 3;
  
void main () { 
   int var = 3000; 
   writeln("Value of var :" , var); 
   
   int *ptr = &var; 
   writeln("Value available at *ptr :" ,*ptr); 
   
   int **pptr = &ptr; 
   writeln("Value available at **pptr :",**pptr); 
}

Value of var :3000 
Value available at *ptr :3000 
Value available at **pptr :3000

import std.stdio; 
 
void main () { 
   // an int array with 5 elements. 
   int balance[5] = [1000, 2, 3, 17, 50]; 
   double avg; 
   
   avg = getAverage( &balance[0], 5 ) ; 
   writeln("Average is :" , avg); 
} 
 
double getAverage(int *arr, int size) { 
   int    i; 
   double avg, sum = 0; 
   
   for (i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
      sum += arr[i]; 
   } 
   
   avg = sum/size; 
   return avg; 
}

Average is :214.4 

import std.stdio;
  
void main () { 
   int *p = getNumber(); 
   
   for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) { 
      writeln("*(p + " , i , ") : ",*(p + i)); 
   } 
} 
 
int * getNumber( ) { 
   static int r [10]; 
   
   for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
      r[i] = i; 
   }
   
   return &r[0]; 
}

*(p + 0) : 0 
*(p + 1) : 1 
*(p + 2) : 2 
*(p + 3) : 3 
*(p + 4) : 4 
*(p + 5) : 5 
*(p + 6) : 6 
*(p + 7) : 7 
*(p + 8) : 8 
*(p + 9) : 9

double balance[50];

double *p; 
double balance[10]; 
 
p = balance;

import std.stdio;
 
void main () { 
   // an array with 5 elements. 
   double balance[5] = [1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0]; 
   double *p;  
   
   p = &balance[0]; 
  
   // output each array element''s value  
   writeln("Array values using pointer " ); 
   
   for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) { 
      writeln( "*(p + ", i, ") : ", *(p + i)); 
   } 
}

Array values using pointer  
*(p + 0) : 1000 
*(p + 1) : 2 
*(p + 2) : 3.4 
*(p + 3) : 17
*(p + 4) : 50

import std.stdio; 
import std.typecons; 
 
void main() { 
   auto myTuple = tuple(1, "Tuts"); 
   writeln(myTuple); 
   writeln(myTuple[0]); 
   writeln(myTuple[1]); 
}

Tuple!(int, string)(1, "Tuts") 
1 
Tuts

import std.stdio; 
import std.typecons; 

void main() { 
   auto myTuple = Tuple!(int, "id",string, "value")(1, "Tuts"); 
   writeln(myTuple);  
   
   writeln("by index 0 : ", myTuple[0]); 
   writeln("by .id : ", myTuple.id); 
   
   writeln("by index 1 : ", myTuple[1]); 
   writeln("by .value ", myTuple.value); 
}

Tuple!(int, "id", string, "value")(1, "Tuts") 
by index 0 : 1 
by .id : 1 
by index 1 : Tuts 
by .value Tuts

import std.stdio; 
import std.typecons;
 
void method1(int a, string b, float c, char d) { 
   writeln("method 1 ",a,"t",b,"t",c,"t",d); 
}
 
void method2(int a, float b, char c) { 
   writeln("method 2 ",a,"t",b,"t",c); 
}
 
void main() { 
   auto myTuple = tuple(5, "my string", 3.3, ''r''); 
   
   writeln("method1 call 1"); 
   method1(myTuple[]); 
   
   writeln("method1 call 2"); 
   method1(myTuple.expand); 
   
   writeln("method2 call 1"); 
   method2(myTuple[0], myTuple[$-2..$]); 
} 

method1 call 1 
method 1 5 my string 3.3 r
method1 call 2 
method 1 5 my string 3.3 r 
method2 call 1 
method 2 5 3.3 r 

import std.stdio; 
import std.typecons; 
import std.typetuple; 
 
alias TypeTuple!(int, long) TL;  

void method1(int a, string b, float c, char d) { 
   writeln("method 1 ",a,"t",b,"t",c,"t",d); 
} 

void method2(TL tl) { 
   writeln(tl[0],"t", tl[1] ); 
} 
 
void main() { 
   auto arguments = TypeTuple!(5, "my string", 3.3,''r'');  
   method1(arguments); 
   method2(5, 6L);  
}

method 1 5 my string 3.3 r 
5     6

struct [structure tag] { 
   member definition; 
   member definition; 
   ... 
   member definition; 
} [one or more structure variables]; 

struct Books {
   char [] title;
   char [] author;
   char [] subject;
   int   book_id;
};

import std.stdio; 
 
struct Books { 
   char [] title; 
   char [] author; 
   char [] subject; 
   int   book_id; 
}; 
 
void main( ) { 
   Books Book1;        /* Declare Book1 of type Book */ 
   Books Book2;        /* Declare Book2 of type Book */ 
   
   /* book 1 specification */ 
   Book1.title = "D Programming".dup; 
   Book1.author = "Raj".dup; 
   Book1.subject = "D Programming Tutorial".dup;
   Book1.book_id = 6495407; 
   
   /* book 2 specification */ 
   Book2.title = "D Programming".dup; 
   Book2.author = "Raj".dup; 
   Book2.subject = "D Programming Tutorial".dup; 
   Book2.book_id = 6495700; 
   
   /* print Book1 info */ 
   writeln( "Book 1 title : ", Book1.title); 
   writeln( "Book 1 author : ", Book1.author); 
   writeln( "Book 1 subject : ", Book1.subject); 
   writeln( "Book 1 book_id : ", Book1.book_id);  
   
   /* print Book2 info */ 
   writeln( "Book 2 title : ", Book2.title); 
   writeln( "Book 2 author : ", Book2.author); 
   writeln( "Book 2 subject : ", Book2.subject); 
   writeln( "Book 2 book_id : ", Book2.book_id); 
}

Book 1 title : D Programming 
Book 1 author : Raj 
Book 1 subject : D Programming Tutorial 
Book 1 book_id : 6495407 
Book 2 title : D Programming 
Book 2 author : Raj 
Book 2 subject : D Programming Tutorial 
Book 2 book_id : 6495700

import std.stdio;

struct Books { 
   char [] title; 
   char [] author; 
   char [] subject; 
   int   book_id; 
}; 
 
void main( ) { 
   Books Book1;        /* Declare Book1 of type Book */ 
   Books Book2;        /* Declare Book2 of type Book */  
   
   /* book 1 specification */ 
   Book1.title = "D Programming".dup; 
   Book1.author = "Raj".dup; 
   Book1.subject = "D Programming Tutorial".dup; 
   Book1.book_id = 6495407;  
   
   /* book 2 specification */ 
   Book2.title = "D Programming".dup; 
   Book2.author = "Raj".dup; 
   Book2.subject = "D Programming Tutorial".dup; 
   Book2.book_id = 6495700;  
   
   /* print Book1 info */ 
   printBook( Book1 );  
   
   /* Print Book2 info */ 
   printBook( Book2 );  
}
 
void printBook( Books book ) { 
   writeln( "Book title : ", book.title); 
   writeln( "Book author : ", book.author); 
   writeln( "Book subject : ", book.subject); 
   writeln( "Book book_id : ", book.book_id); 
}

Book title : D Programming 
Book author : Raj 
Book subject : D Programming Tutorial 
Book book_id : 6495407 
Book title : D Programming 
Book author : Raj
Book subject : D Programming Tutorial 
Book book_id : 6495700 

import std.stdio;

struct Books { 
   char [] title; 
   char [] subject = "Empty".dup; 
   int   book_id = -1; 
   char [] author = "Raj".dup;  
}; 
 
void main( ) { 
   Books Book1 = Books("D Programming".dup, "D Programming Tutorial".dup, 6495407 ); 
   printBook( Book1 ); 
   
   Books Book2 = Books("D Programming".dup, 
      "D Programming Tutorial".dup, 6495407,"Raj".dup ); 
   printBook( Book2 );
   
   Books Book3 =  {title:"Obj C programming".dup, book_id : 1001};
   printBook( Book3 ); 
}
  
void printBook( Books book ) { 
   writeln( "Book title : ", book.title); 
   writeln( "Book author : ", book.author); 
   writeln( "Book subject : ", book.subject); 
   writeln( "Book book_id : ", book.book_id); 
}

Book title : D Programming 
Book author : Raj 
Book subject : D Programming Tutorial 
Book book_id : 6495407 
Book title : D Programming 
Book author : Raj 
Book subject : D Programming Tutorial 
Book book_id : 6495407 
Book title : Obj C programming 
Book author : Raj 
Book subject : Empty 
Book book_id : 1001

import std.stdio;  

struct Books { 
   char [] title; 
   char [] subject = "Empty".dup; 
   int   book_id; 
   char [] author = "Raj".dup; 
   static int id = 1000; 
}; 
 
void main( ) { 
   Books Book1 = Books("D Programming".dup, "D Programming Tutorial".dup,++Books.id ); 
   printBook( Book1 );  
   
   Books Book2 = Books("D Programming".dup, "D Programming Tutorial".dup,++Books.id); 
   printBook( Book2 );  
   
   Books Book3 =  {title:"Obj C programming".dup, book_id:++Books.id}; 
   printBook( Book3 ); 
}
  
void printBook( Books book ) { 
   writeln( "Book title : ", book.title); 
   writeln( "Book author : ", book.author); 
   writeln( "Book subject : ", book.subject); 
   writeln( "Book book_id : ", book.book_id); 
}

Book title : D Programming 
Book author : Raj 
Book subject : D Programming Tutorial 
Book book_id : 1001 
Book title : D Programming 
Book author : Raj 
Book subject : D Programming Tutorial 
Book book_id : 1002 
Book title : Obj C programming 
Book author : Raj 
Book subject : Empty 
Book book_id : 1003

union [union tag] { 
   member definition; 
   member definition; 
   ... 
   member definition; 
} [one or more union variables]; 

union Data { 
   int i; 
   float f; 
   char str[20]; 
} data; 

import std.stdio; 
  
union Data { 
   int i; 
   float f; 
   char str[20]; 
}; 
  
int main( ) { 
   Data data; 

   writeln( "Memory size occupied by data : ", data.sizeof);

   return 0; 
}

Memory size occupied by data : 20 

import std.stdio;

union Data { 
   int i; 
   float f; 
   char str[13]; 
};  

void main( ) { 
   Data data; 
   
   data.i = 10; 
   data.f = 220.5; 
   
   data.str = "D Programming".dup; 
   writeln( "size of : ", data.sizeof); 
   writeln( "data.i : ", data.i); 
   writeln( "data.f : ", data.f); 
   writeln( "data.str : ", data.str); 
}

size of : 16 
data.i : 1917853764 
data.f : 4.12236e+30 
data.str : D Programming

import std.stdio;

union Data { 
   int i; 
   float f; 
   char str[13]; 
};  
void main( ) { 
   Data data; 
   writeln( "size of : ", data.sizeof);  
   
   data.i = 10; 
   writeln( "data.i : ", data.i); 
   
   data.f = 220.5; 
   writeln( "data.f : ", data.f);  
   
   data.str = "D Programming".dup; 
   writeln( "data.str : ", data.str); 
}

size of : 16 
data.i : 10 
data.f : 220.5 
data.str : D Programming

// Example 1 
foreach (value; 3..7)  

// Example 2 
int[] slice = array[5..10];

import std.stdio; 
import std.string; 
 
struct Student { 
   string name; 
   int number; 
   
   string toString() const { 
      return format("%s(%s)", name, number); 
   } 
}
  
struct School { 
   Student[] students; 
}
struct StudentRange {
   Student[] students; 
   
   this(School school) { 
      this.students = school.students; 
   } 
   @property bool empty() const { 
      return students.length == 0; 
   } 
   @property ref Student front() { 
      return students[0]; 
   } 
   void popFront() { 
      students = students[1 .. $]; 
   } 
}

void main() { 
   auto school = School([ Student("Raj", 1), Student("John", 2), Student("Ram", 3)]);
   auto range = StudentRange(school); 
   writeln(range);  
   
   writeln(school.students.length);
   
   writeln(range.front); 
   
   range.popFront;  
   
   writeln(range.empty); 
   writeln(range); 
}

[Raj(1), John(2), Ram(3)] 
3 
Raj(1) 
false 
[John(2), Ram(3)]

import std.array; 
import std.stdio; 
import std.string; 
import std.range;

struct FibonacciSeries { 
   int first = 0; 
   int second = 1; 
   enum empty = false;   //  infinite range  
   
   @property int front() const { 
      return first; 
   } 
   void popFront() { 
      int third = first + second; 
      first = second; 
      second = third; 
   }
   @property FibonacciSeries save() const { 
      return this; 
   } 
}
  
void report(T)(const dchar[] title, const ref T range) {
   writefln("%s: %s", title, range.take(5)); 
} 

void main() { 
   auto range = FibonacciSeries(); 
   report("Original range", range);
   
   range.popFrontN(2); 
   report("After removing two elements", range); 
   
   auto theCopy = range.save; 
   report("The copy", theCopy);
   
   range.popFrontN(3); 
   report("After removing three more elements", range); 
   report("The copy", theCopy); 
}

Original range: [0, 1, 1, 2, 3] 
After removing two elements: [1, 2, 3, 5, 8] 
The copy: [1, 2, 3, 5, 8] 
After removing three more elements: [5, 8, 13, 21, 34] 
The copy: [1, 2, 3, 5, 8]

import std.array; 
import std.stdio; 
import std.string; 

struct Reversed { 
   int[] range; 
   
   this(int[] range) { 
      this.range = range; 
   } 
   @property bool empty() const { 
      return range.empty; 
   }
   @property int front() const { 
      return range.back;  //  reverse 
   }
   @property int back() const { 
      return range.front; // reverse 
   } 
   void popFront() { 
      range.popBack(); 
   }
   void popBack() { 
      range.popFront(); 
   } 
} 
 
void main() { 
   writeln(Reversed([ 1, 2, 3])); 
} 

[3, 2, 1]

import std.array; 
import std.stdio; 
import std.string; 
import std.range; 
import std.algorithm; 

class SquaresRange { 
   int first;  
   this(int first = 0) { 
      this.first = first; 
   }
   enum empty = false; 
   @property int front() const { 
      return opIndex(0); 
   }
   void popFront() { 
      ++first; 
   }
   @property SquaresRange save() const { 
      return new SquaresRange(first); 
   }
   int opIndex(size_t index) const { 
      /* This function operates at constant time */ 
      immutable integerValue = first + cast(int)index; 
      return integerValue * integerValue; 
   } 
}
  
bool are_lastTwoDigitsSame(int value) { 
   /* Must have at least two digits */ 
   if (value < 10) { 
      return false; 
   } 
   
   /* Last two digits must be divisible by 11 */ 
   immutable lastTwoDigits = value % 100; 
   return (lastTwoDigits % 11) == 0; 
} 
 
void main() { 
   auto squares = new SquaresRange(); 
   
   writeln(squares[5]);
   
   writeln(squares[10]); 
   
   squares.popFrontN(5); 
   writeln(squares[0]); 
   
   writeln(squares.take(50).filter!are_lastTwoDigitsSame); 
}

25 
100 
25 
[100, 144, 400, 900, 1444, 1600, 2500]

import std.array; 
import std.stdio; 
import std.string; 
import std.range; 
import std.algorithm; 

struct FibonacciSeries { 
   int first = 0; 
   int second = 1; 
   enum empty = false;   //  infinite range  
   
   @property int front() const { 
      return first;
   }
   void popFront() { 
      int third = first + second; 
      first = second; 
      second = third; 
   }
   @property FibonacciSeries save() const { 
      return this; 
   } 
}
  
void report(T)(const dchar[] title, const ref T range) { 
   writefln("%40s: %s", title, range.take(5)); 
}
  
class SquaresRange { 
   int first;  
   this(int first = 0) { 
      this.first = first; 
   } 
   enum empty = false; 
   @property int front() const { 
      return opIndex(0); 
   }
   void popFront() { 
      ++first; 
   }
   @property SquaresRange save() const { 
      return new SquaresRange(first); 
   } 
   int opIndex(size_t index) const { 
      /* This function operates at constant time */ 
      immutable integerValue = first + cast(int)index; 
      return integerValue * integerValue; 
   } 
}
  
bool are_lastTwoDigitsSame(int value) { 
   /* Must have at least two digits */ 
   if (value < 10) { 
      return false; 
   }
   
   /* Last two digits must be divisible by 11 */ 
   immutable lastTwoDigits = value % 100; 
   return (lastTwoDigits % 11) == 0; 
}
  
struct Together { 
   const(int)[][] slices;  
   this(const(int)[][] slices ...) { 
      this.slices = slices.dup;  
      clearFront(); 
      clearBack(); 
   }
   private void clearFront() { 
      while (!slices.empty && slices.front.empty) { 
         slices.popFront(); 
      } 
   } 
   private void clearBack() { 
      while (!slices.empty && slices.back.empty) { 
         slices.popBack(); 
      } 
   }
   @property bool empty() const { 
      return slices.empty; 
   } 
   @property int front() const { 
      return slices.front.front; 
   }
   void popFront() { 
      slices.front.popFront(); 
      clearFront(); 
   }
   @property Together save() const { 
      return Together(slices.dup); 
   } 
   @property int back() const { 
      return slices.back.back; 
   } 
   void popBack() { 
      slices.back.popBack(); 
      clearBack(); 
   }
   @property size_t length() const { 
      return reduce!((a, b) => a + b.length)(size_t.init, slices); 
   }
   int opIndex(size_t index) const { 
      /* Save the index for the error message */ 
      immutable originalIndex = index;  

      foreach (slice; slices) { 
         if (slice.length > index) { 
            return slice[index];  
         } else { 
            index -= slice.length; 
         } 
      } 
      throw new Exception( 
         format("Invalid index: %s (length: %s)", originalIndex, this.length));
   } 
}
void main() { 
   auto range = Together(FibonacciSeries().take(10).array, [ 777, 888 ],
      (new SquaresRange()).take(5).array); 
   writeln(range.save); 
}

[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 777, 888, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

import std.algorithm; 
import std.stdio; 
 
struct MultiFile { 
   string delimiter;
   File[] files;
   
   this(string delimiter, string[] fileNames ...) { 
      this.delimiter = delimiter; 

      /* stdout is always included */ 
      this.files ~= stdout; 

      /* A File object for each file name */ 
      foreach (fileName; fileNames) { 
         this.files ~= File(fileName, "w"); 
      } 
   }
   void put(T)(T element) { 
      foreach (file; files) { 
         file.write(element, delimiter); 
      } 
   }
}
void main() { 
   auto output = MultiFile("n", "output_0", "output_1"); 
   copy([ 1, 2, 3], output);  
   copy([ "red", "blue", "green" ], output); 
} 

[1, 2, 3] 
["red", "blue", "green"]

alias new_name = existing_name;

alias existing_name new_name; 

alias expression alias_name ;

import std.stdio; 
import std.conv:to; 
 
alias to!(string) toString;  

void main() { 
   int a = 10;  
   string s = "Test"~toString(a); 
   writeln(s); 
}

Test10 

import std.stdio; 
import std.typetuple; 
 
alias TypeTuple!(int, long) TL; 
 
void method1(TL tl) { 
   writeln(tl[0],"t", tl[1] ); 
} 
 
void main() { 
   method1(5, 6L);    
}

5	6

import std.stdio;
  
alias int myAppNumber; 
alias string myAppString;  

void main() { 
   myAppNumber i = 10; 
   myAppString s = "TestString"; 
   
   writeln(i,s);   
}

10TestString

import std.stdio; 
 
class Shape { 
   int area; 
}
  
class Square : Shape { 
   string name() const @property { 
      return "Square"; 
   } 
   alias Shape.area squareArea; 
}
   
void main() { 
   auto square = new Square;  
   square.squareArea = 42;  
   writeln(square.name); 
   writeln(square.squareArea); 
}

Square 
42

alias member_variable_or_member_function this; 

import std.stdio;
  
struct Rectangle { 
   long length; 
   long breadth;  
   
   double value() const @property { 
      return cast(double) length * breadth; 
   }
   alias value this; 
} 
double volume(double rectangle, double height) {
   return rectangle * height; 
}
  
void main() { 
   auto rectangle = Rectangle(2, 3);  
   writeln(volume(rectangle, 5)); 
}

30

mixin (compile_time_generated_string)

import std.stdio; 
 
void main() { 
   mixin(`writeln("Hello World!");`); 
}

Hello World!

import std.stdio;

string print(string s) {
   return `writeln("` ~ s ~ `");`; 
}
  
void main() { 
   mixin (print("str1")); 
   mixin (print("str2")); 
}

str1
str2

mixin a_template!(template_parameters)

import std.stdio;

template Department(T, size_t count) { 
   T[count] names;  
   void setName(size_t index, T name) { 
      names[index] = name; 
   } 
   
   void printNames() { 
      writeln("The names");  
      
      foreach (i, name; names) { 
         writeln(i," : ", name); 
      }
   }
}
 
struct College { 
   mixin Department!(string, 2); 
}
  
void main() { 
   auto college = College();  
   college.setName(0, "name1"); 
   college.setName(1, "name2");  
   college.printNames(); 
}

The names 
0 : name1 
1 : name2 

import std.stdio;

template Person() { 
   string name; 
   
   void print() { 
      writeln(name); 
   } 
}

void main() { 
   string name; 
   
   mixin Person a; 
   name = "name 1"; 
   writeln(name); 
   
   a.name = "name 2"; 
   print(); 
}

name 1 
name 2

module employee;

class Employee {
   // Class definition goes here. 
}

module employee;  // Module name consisting of ASCII letters 

class eëmployëë { }

module company.employee; 
 
class Employee { }

module company.office; 
 
class Office { }

module company.branch.employee;

import std.stdio;

import company.employee; 
auto employee0 = Employee(); 
auto employee1 = company.employee.Employee();

module company.employee; 
 
import std.stdio;
  
class Employee {
   public: 
      string str; 

   void print() {
      writeln("Company Employee: ",str); 
   } 
}	

module college.employee;
  
import std.stdio;  

class Employee {
   public: 
      string str;
	
   void print() {
      writeln("College Employee: ",str); 
   } 
}

import company.employee; 
import college.employee; 
 
import std.stdio;  

void main() {
   auto myemployee1 = new company.employee.Employee();
   myemployee1.str = "emp1"; 
   myemployee1.print();
   
   auto myemployee2 = new college.employee.Employee(); 
   myemployee2.str = "emp2"; 
   myemployee2.print(); 
}

$ dmd hello.d company/employee.d college/employee.d -ofhello.amx 
$ ./hello.amx 
Company Employee: emp1 
College Employee: emp2

import std.stdio; 
 
void print(T)(T value) { 
   writefln("%s", value); 
}
  
void main() { 
   print(42);  
   
   print(1.2);
   
   print("test"); 
}

42 
1.2 
test 

import std.stdio;
  
void print(T1, T2)(T1 value1, T2 value2) { 
   writefln(" %s %s", value1, value2); 
}

void main() { 
   print(42, "Test");  
   
   print(1.2, 33); 
}

 42 Test 
 1.2 33

import std.stdio; 
import std.string; 
 
class Stack(T) { 
   private: 
      T[] elements;  
   public:  
      void push(T element) { 
         elements ~= element; 
      }
      void pop() { 
         --elements.length; 
      } 
      T top() const @property { 
         return elements[$ - 1]; 
      }
      size_t length() const @property { 
         return elements.length; 
      } 
}
  
void main() { 
   auto stack = new Stack!string;
   
   stack.push("Test1"); 
   stack.push("Test2");  
   
   writeln(stack.top); 
   writeln(stack.length); 
   
   stack.pop; 
   writeln(stack.top); 
   writeln(stack.length); 
} 

Test2 
2 
Test1 
1 

import std.stdio;

enum Day{ 
   Sunday = 1, 
   Monday,
   Tuesday, 
   Wednesday, 
   Thursday, 
   Friday, 
   Saturday 
} 
 
void main() { 
   Day day; 
   day = Day.Sunday;
   
   if (day == Day.Sunday) { 
      writeln("The day is Sunday"); 
   } 
}

The day is Sunday

import std.stdio; 
import std.random; 
 
void main() { 
   int min = 1; 
   int max = 10; 
   
   immutable number = uniform(min, max + 1); 
   // cannot modify immutable expression number 
   // number = 34; 
   typeof(number) value = 100;  
   
   writeln(typeof(number).stringof, number); 
   writeln(typeof(value).stringof, value); 
}

immutable(int)4 
immutable(int)100

import std.stdio; 
import std.random; 
 
void main() { 
   int min = 1; 
   int max = 10; 
   
   const number = uniform(min, max + 1); 
   // cannot modify const expression number| 
   // number = 34; 
   typeof(number) value = 100; 
   
   writeln(typeof(number).stringof, number); 
   writeln(typeof(value).stringof, value); 
}

const(int)7 
const(int)100

import std.stdio; 
 
void print(immutable int[] array) { 
   foreach (i, element; array) { 
      writefln("%s: %s", i, element); 
   } 
}
  
void main() { 
   immutable int[] array = [ 1, 2 ]; 
   print(array); 
}

0: 1 
1: 2

File file = File(filepath, "mode");

file.close();

file.writeln("hello"); 

import std.stdio; 
import std.file;
  
void main() { 
   File file = File("test.txt", "w"); 
   file.writeln("hello");
   file.close(); 
}

string s = file.readln();

import std.stdio; 
import std.file; 
 
void main() { 
   File file = File("test.txt", "w");
   file.writeln("hello");  
   file.close(); 
   file = File("test.txt", "r"); 
   
   string s = file.readln(); 
   writeln(s);
   
   file.close(); 
} 

hello

import std.stdio;
import std.string;

void main() { 
   File file = File("test.txt", "w");  
   file.writeln("hello"); 
   file.writeln("world");  
   file.close();  
   file = File("test.txt", "r"); 
    
   while (!file.eof()) { 
      string line = chomp(file.readln()); 
      writeln("line -", line); 
   }
} 

line -hello 
line -world 
line -

import std.stdio; 
import std.stdio; 
import std.concurrency; 
import core.thread;
  
void worker(int a) { 
   foreach (i; 0 .. 4) { 
      Thread.sleep(1); 
      writeln("Worker Thread ",a + i); 
   } 
}

void main() { 
   foreach (i; 1 .. 4) { 
      Thread.sleep(2); 
      writeln("Main Thread ",i); 
      spawn(≈worker, i * 5); 
   }
   
   writeln("main is done.");  
}

Main Thread 1 
Worker Thread 5 
Main Thread 2 
Worker Thread 6 
Worker Thread 10 
Main Thread 3 
main is done. 
Worker Thread 7 
Worker Thread 11 
Worker Thread 15 
Worker Thread 8 
Worker Thread 12 
Worker Thread 16 
Worker Thread 13
Worker Thread 17 
Worker Thread 18

import std.stdio; 
import std.concurrency;  

void printTid(string tag) { 
   writefln("%s: %s, address: %s", tag, thisTid, &thisTid); 
} 
 
void worker() { 
   printTid("Worker"); 
}
  
void main() { 
   Tid myWorker = spawn(&worker); 
   
   printTid("Owner "); 
   
   writeln(myWorker); 
}

Owner : Tid(std.concurrency.MessageBox), address: 10C71A59C 
Worker: Tid(std.concurrency.MessageBox), address: 10C71A59C 
Tid(std.concurrency.MessageBox)

import std.stdio; 
import std.concurrency; 
import core.thread; 
import std.conv;  

void workerFunc(Tid tid) { 
   int value = 0;  
   while (value >= 0) { 
      value = receiveOnly!int(); 
      auto result = to!double(value) * 5; tid.send(result);
   }
} 
 
void main() { 
   Tid worker = spawn(&workerFunc,thisTid); 
    
   foreach (value; 5 .. 10) { 
      worker.send(value); 
      auto result = receiveOnly!double(); 
      writefln("sent: %s, received: %s", value, result); 
   }
   
   worker.send(-1); 
} 

sent: 5, received: 25 
sent: 6, received: 30 
sent: 7, received: 35 
sent: 8, received: 40 
sent: 9, received: 45 

import std.stdio; 
import std.concurrency; 
import core.thread; 
import std.conv; 
 
void workerFunc(Tid tid) { 
   Thread.sleep(dur!("msecs")( 500 ),); 
   tid.send("hello"); 
}
  
void main() { 
   spawn(&workerFunc,thisTid);  
   writeln("Waiting for a message");  
   bool received = false;
   
   while (!received) { 
      received = receiveTimeout(dur!("msecs")( 100 ), (string message) { 
         writeln("received: ", message); 
      });

      if (!received) { 
         writeln("... no message yet"); 
      }
   } 
}

Waiting for a message 
... no message yet 
... no message yet 
... no message yet 
... no message yet 
received: hello 

try { 
   // protected code 
} 
catch( ExceptionName e1 ) { 
   // catch block 
} 
catch( ExceptionName e2 ) { 
   // catch block 
} 
catch( ExceptionName eN ) { 
   // catch block 
} 

double division(int a, int b) { 
   if( b == 0 ) { 
      throw new Exception("Division by zero condition!"); 
   }
   
   return (a/b); 
}

try { 
   // protected code 
} 

catch( ExceptionName e ) { 
   // code to handle ExceptionName exception 
}

try { 
   // protected code 
} 

catch(...) { 
   // code to handle any exception 
}

import std.stdio; 
import std.string;
  
string division(int a, int b) { 
   string result = "";  
   
   try {  
      if( b == 0 ) {
         throw new Exception("Cannot divide by zero!"); 
      } else { 
         result = format("%s",a/b); 
      } 
   } catch (Exception e) { 
      result = e.msg; 
   }
   
   return result; 
} 
 
void main () { 
   int x = 50; 
   int y = 0;  
   
   writeln(division(x, y));  
   
   y = 10; 
   writeln(division(x, y)); 
}

Cannot divide by zero!
5

return_type function_name(function_params) 
in { 
   // in block 
} 

out (result) { 
   // in block 
}
 
body { 
   // actual function block 
}

import std.stdio; 
import std.string;
  
bool isValid(string password) 
in { 
   assert(password.length>=5); 
}
 
body { 
   // other conditions 
   return true; 
}
  
void main() { 
   writeln(isValid("password")); 
}

true 

import std.stdio;
import std.string;

double getAge(double months,double years) 
in { 
   assert(months >= 0); 
   assert(months <= 12); 
}
 
out (result) { 
   assert(result>=years); 
} 

body { 
   return years + months/12; 
} 
 
void main () { 
   writeln(getAge(10,12)); 
} 

12.8333

debug a_conditionally_compiled_expression;
   
debug { 
   // ... conditionally compiled code ... 
} else { 
   // ... code that is compiled otherwise ... 
}

debug writefln("%s debug only statement", value); 

dmd test.d -oftest -w -debug 

debug(mytag) writefln("%s not found", value);

dmd test.d -oftest -w -debug = mytag

debug(mytag) { 
   //  
}

dmd test.d -oftest -w -debug = mytag1 -debug = mytag2

import std.stdio;  

void myFunction() { 
   debug(1) writeln("debug1"); 
   debug(2) writeln("debug2");
}

void main() { 
   myFunction(); 
} 

$ dmd test.d -oftest -w -debug = 1 
$ ./test 
debug1 

import std.stdio;  

void myFunction() { 
   version(1) writeln("version1"); 
   version(2) writeln("version2");     
}
  
void main() { 
   myFunction(); 
}

$ dmd test.d -oftest -w -version = 1 
$ ./test 
version1 

import std.stdio;

enum Days { 
   sun, 
   mon, 
   tue, 
   wed, 
   thu, 
   fri, 
   sat 
}; 
 
void myFunction(T)(T mytemplate) {
   static if (is (T == class)) { 
      writeln("This is a class type"); 
   } else static if (is (T == enum)) { 
      writeln("This is an enum type"); 
   } 
}
  
void main() { 
   Days day; 
   myFunction(day); 
} 

This is an enum type

class Box { 
   public: 
      double length;   // Length of a box 
      double breadth;  // Breadth of a box 
      double height;   // Height of a box 
}

Box Box1;          // Declare Box1 of type Box 
Box Box2;          // Declare Box2 of type Box 

import std.stdio;

class Box { 
   public: 
      double length;   // Length of a box 
      double breadth;  // Breadth of a box 
      double height;   // Height of a box 
}
  
void main() { 
   Box box1 = new Box();    // Declare Box1 of type Box 
   Box box2 = new Box();    // Declare Box2 of type Box 
   double volume = 0.0;     // Store the volume of a box here  
   
   // box 1 specification 
   box1.height = 5.0; 
   box1.length = 6.0; 
   box1.breadth = 7.0; 
   
   // box 2 specification 
   box2.height = 10.0; 
   box2.length = 12.0; 
   box2.breadth = 13.0;
   
   // volume of box 1 
   volume = box1.height * box1.length * box1.breadth; 
   writeln("Volume of Box1 : ",volume);
   
   // volume of box 2 
   volume = box2.height * box2.length * box2.breadth; 
   writeln("Volume of Box2 : ", volume); 
} 

Volume of Box1 : 210 
Volume of Box2 : 1560 

class derived-class: base-class

import std.stdio;

// Base class 
class Shape { 
   public: 
      void setWidth(int w) { 
         width = w; 
      }

      void setHeight(int h) { 
         height = h; 
      }
   
   protected: 
      int width; 
      int height; 
}
  
// Derived class 
class Rectangle: Shape { 
   public: 
      int getArea() { 
         return (width * height); 
      } 
}
  
void main() { 
   Rectangle Rect = new Rectangle();
   
   Rect.setWidth(5); 
   Rect.setHeight(7); 
   
   // Print the area of the object. 
   writeln("Total area: ", Rect.getArea()); 
} 

Total area: 35

import std.stdio;

// Base class 
class Shape {
   public:
      void setWidth(int w) {
         width = w; 
      }

      void setHeight(int h) {
         height = h; 
      }

   protected: 
      int width; 
      int height; 
}

// Derived class 
class Rectangle: Shape {
   public:
      int getArea() {
         return (width * height); 
      }
}
 
class Square: Rectangle {
   this(int side) {
      this.setWidth(side); 
      this.setHeight(side); 
   }
}

void main() {
   Square square = new Square(13);

   // Print the area of the object.
   writeln("Total area: ", square.getArea());
}

Total area: 169

import std.stdio; 
import std.string; 

class printData { 
   public: 
      void print(int i) { 
         writeln("Printing int: ",i); 
      }

      void print(double f) { 
         writeln("Printing float: ",f );
      }

      void print(string s) { 
         writeln("Printing string: ",s); 
      } 
}; 
 
void main() { 
   printData pd = new printData();  
   
   // Call print to print integer 
   pd.print(5);
   
   // Call print to print float 
   pd.print(500.263); 
   
   // Call print to print character 
   pd.print("Hello D"); 
} 

Printing int: 5 
Printing float: 500.263 
Printing string: Hello D

Box opAdd(Box b) { 
   Box box = new Box(); 
   box.length = this.length + b.length; 
   box.breadth = this.breadth + b.breadth; 
   box.height = this.height + b.height; 
   return box; 
}

import std.stdio;

class Box { 
   public:  
      double getVolume() { 
         return length * breadth * height; 
      }

      void setLength( double len ) { 
         length = len; 
      } 

      void setBreadth( double bre ) { 
         breadth = bre; 
      }

      void setHeight( double hei ) { 
         height = hei; 
      }

      Box opAdd(Box b) { 
         Box box = new Box(); 
         box.length = this.length + b.length; 
         box.breadth = this.breadth + b.breadth; 
         box.height = this.height + b.height; 
         return box; 
      } 

   private: 
      double length;      // Length of a box 
      double breadth;     // Breadth of a box 
      double height;      // Height of a box 
}; 

// Main function for the program 
void main( ) { 
   Box box1 = new Box();    // Declare box1 of type Box 
   Box box2 = new Box();    // Declare box2 of type Box 
   Box box3 = new Box();    // Declare box3 of type Box 
   double volume = 0.0;     // Store the volume of a box here
   
   // box 1 specification 
   box1.setLength(6.0); 
   box1.setBreadth(7.0); 
   box1.setHeight(5.0);
   
   // box 2 specification 
   box2.setLength(12.0); 
   box2.setBreadth(13.0); 
   box2.setHeight(10.0); 
   
   // volume of box 1 
   volume = box1.getVolume(); 
   writeln("Volume of Box1 : ", volume);
   
   // volume of box 2 
   volume = box2.getVolume(); 
   writeln("Volume of Box2 : ", volume); 
   
   // Add two object as follows: 
   box3 = box1 + box2; 
   
   // volume of box 3 
   volume = box3.getVolume(); 
   writeln("Volume of Box3 : ", volume);  
} 

Volume of Box1 : 210 
Volume of Box2 : 1560 
Volume of Box3 : 5400

class Box { 
   public: 
      double getVolume() { 
         return length * breadth * height; 
      } 
   private: 
      double length;      // Length of a box 
      double breadth;     // Breadth of a box 
      double height;      // Height of a box 
};

import std.stdio;
  
class Adder { 
   public: 
      // constructor 
      this(int i = 0) { 
         total = i; 
      } 
      
      // interface to outside world 
      void addNum(int number) { 
         total += number; 
      } 
      
      // interface to outside world 
      int getTotal() { 
         return total; 
      }; 
   
   private: 
      // hidden data from outside world 
      int total; 
}
 
void main( ) { 
   Adder a = new Adder(); 
   
   a.addNum(10); 
   a.addNum(20); 
   a.addNum(30);  
   writeln("Total ",a.getTotal()); 
} 

Total 60

import std.stdio;

// Base class
interface Shape {
   public: 
      void setWidth(int w);
      void setHeight(int h);
}

// Derived class
class Rectangle: Shape {
   int width;
   int height;
   
   public:
      void setWidth(int w) {
         width = w;
      }
      void setHeight(int h) {
         height = h; 
      }
      int getArea() {
         return (width * height);
      }
}

void main() {
   Rectangle Rect = new Rectangle();
   Rect.setWidth(5);
   Rect.setHeight(7);

   // Print the area of the object.
   writeln("Total area: ", Rect.getArea());
}

Total area: 35

import std.stdio;

// Base class
interface Shape {
   public:
      void setWidth(int w);
      void setHeight(int h);
      
      static void myfunction1() {
         writeln("This is a static method");
      }
      final void myfunction2() {
         writeln("This is a final method");
      }
}

// Derived class
class Rectangle: Shape {
   int width;
   int height; 
   
   public:
      void setWidth(int w) {
         width = w;
      }
      void setHeight(int h) {
         height = h;
      }
      int getArea() {
         return (width * height);
      }
}

void main() {
   Rectangle rect = new Rectangle();

   rect.setWidth(5);
   rect.setHeight(7);
   
   // Print the area of the object.
   writeln("Total area: ", rect.getArea());
   rect.myfunction1();
   rect.myfunction2();
} 

Total area: 35 
This is a static method 
This is a final method

import std.stdio;
import std.string;
import std.datetime;

abstract class Person {
   int birthYear, birthDay, birthMonth; 
   string name; 
   
   int getAge() {
      SysTime sysTime = Clock.currTime(); 
      return sysTime.year - birthYear;
   }
}

class Employee : Person {
   int empID;
}

void main() {
   Employee emp = new Employee(); 
   emp.empID = 101; 
   emp.birthYear = 1980; 
   emp.birthDay = 10; 
   emp.birthMonth = 10; 
   emp.name = "Emp1"; 
   
   writeln(emp.name); 
   writeln(emp.getAge); 
}

Emp1
37

import std.stdio; 
import std.string; 
import std.datetime; 
 
abstract class Person { 
   int birthYear, birthDay, birthMonth; 
   string name; 
   
   int getAge() { 
      SysTime sysTime = Clock.currTime(); 
      return sysTime.year - birthYear; 
   } 
   abstract void print(); 
}
class Employee : Person { 
   int empID;  
   
   override void print() { 
      writeln("The employee details are as follows:"); 
      writeln("Emp ID: ", this.empID); 
      writeln("Emp Name: ", this.name); 
      writeln("Age: ",this.getAge); 
   } 
} 

void main() { 
   Employee emp = new Employee(); 
   emp.empID = 101; 
   emp.birthYear = 1980; 
   emp.birthDay = 10; 
   emp.birthMonth = 10; 
   emp.name = "Emp1"; 
   emp.print(); 
}

The employee details are as follows: 
Emp ID: 101 
Emp Name: Emp1 
Age: 37