The C Preprocessor is not a part of the compiler, but is a separate step in the compilation process. In simple terms, a C Preprocessor is just a text substitution tool and it instructs the compiler to do the required pre-processing before the actual compilation. We”ll refer to the C Preprocessor as CPP.

In C programming, preprocessing is the first step in the compilation of a C code. It occurs before the tokenization step. One of the important functions of a preprocessor is to include the header files that contain the library functions used in the program. The preprocessor in C also defines the constants and expands the macros.

The preprocessor statements in C are called directives. A preprocessor section of the program always appears at the top of the C code. Each preprocessor statement starts with the hash (#) symbol.

Preprocessor Directives in C

The following table lists down all the important preprocessor directives −

Preprocessors Examples

Analyze the following examples to understand various directives.

This #define directive tells the CPP to replace the instances of MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH with 20. Use #define for constants to increase readability.

#define MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH 20

The following directives tell the CPP to get “stdio.h” from the System Libraries and add the text to the current source file. The next line tells CPP to get “myheader.h” from the local directory and add the content to the current source file.

#include <stdio.h>
#include "myheader.h"

Now, take a look at the following #define and #undef directives. They tell the CPP to undefine existing FILE_SIZE and define it as 42.

#undef  FILE_SIZE
#define FILE_SIZE 42

The following directive tells the CPP to define MESSAGE only if MESSAGE isn”t already defined.

#ifndef MESSAGE
   #define MESSAGE "You wish!"
#endif

The following directive tells the CPP to process the statements enclosed if DEBUG is defined.

#ifdef DEBUG
   /* Your debugging statements here */
#endif

This is useful if you pass the -DDEBUG flag to the gcc compiler at the time of compilation. This will define DEBUG, so you can turn debugging ON and OFF on the fly during compilation.

Predefined Macros in C

ANSI C defines a number of macros. Although each one is available for use in programming, the predefined macros should not be directly modified.

Example

Let”s try the following example −

#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

   printf("File: %sn", __FILE__ );
   printf("Date: %sn", __DATE__ );
   printf("Time: %sn", __TIME__ );
   printf("Line: %dn", __LINE__ );
   printf("ANSI: %dn", __STDC__ );
}

Output

When you run this code, it will produce the following output −

File: main.c
Date: Mar 6 2024
Time: 13:32:30
Line: 8
ANSI: 1

Preprocessor Operators

The C preprocessor offers the following operators to help create macros −

Example: The Macro Continuation () Operator in C

A macro is normally confined to a single line. The macro continuation operator () is used to continue a macro that is too long for a single line. Take a look at the following example −

#include <stdio.h>

#define message_for(a, b)  
   printf(#a " and " #b ": We love you!n")

int main() {
   message_for(Ram, Raju);
}

Output

When you run this code, it will produce the following output −

Ram and Raju: We love you!

Example: The Stringize (#) Operator in C

The stringize operator (#), also called number-sign operator, when used within a macro definition, converts a macro parameter into a string constant.

The stringize operator may be used only in a macro having a specified argument or parameter list. For example −

#include <stdio.h>

#define  message_for(a, b)  
   printf(#a " and " #b ": We love you!n")

int main() {

   message_for(Carole, Debra);
   return 0;
}

Output

Run the code and check its output −

Carole and Debra: We love you!

Example: The Token Pasting (##) Operator in C

The token-pasting operator (##) within a macro definition combines two arguments. It permits two separate tokens in the macro definition to be joined into a single token. For example −

#include <stdio.h>

#define tokenpaster(n) printf ("token" #n " = %d", token##n)

int main() {

   int token34 = 40;
   tokenpaster(34);
   return 0;
}

Output

When you run this code, it will produce the following output −

token34 = 40

Example: The defined() Operator in C

The preprocessor defined operator is used in constant expressions to determine if an identifier is defined using #define. If the specified identifier is defined, the value is true (non-zero). If the symbol is not defined, the value is false (zero).

The following example shows how you can use the defined operator in a C program −

#include <stdio.h>

#if !defined (MESSAGE)
   #define MESSAGE "You wish!"
#endif

int main() {

   printf("Here is the message: %sn", MESSAGE);  
   return 0;
}

Output

Run the code and check its output −

Here is the message: You wish!

Parameterized Macros in C

One of the powerful functions of the CPP is the ability to simulate functions using parameterized macros. For example, we might have some code to square a number as follows −

int square(int x) {
   return x * x;
}

We can rewrite above the code using a macro as follows −

#define square(x) ((x) * (x))

Macros with arguments must be defined using the #define directive before they can be used. The argument list is enclosed in parentheses and must immediately follow the macro name. Spaces are not allowed between the macro name and open parenthesis.

Example

The following example demonstrates how you can use parameterized macros in C −

#include <stdio.h>

#define MAX(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (x) : (y))

int main() {

   printf("Max between 20 and 10 is %dn", MAX(10, 20));  
   return 0;
}

Output

When you run this code, it will produce the following output −

Max between 20 and 10 is 20