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Introduction
The C++ standard libraries provide an extensive set of input/output capabilities which we will see in subsequent chapters. This chapter will discuss very basic and most common I/O operations required for C++ programming.
Input-Output base classes and types for the IOStream hierarchy of classes as shown below −
Types
Class templates
| Sr.No. | Member types | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | basic_ios | Base class for streams (type-dependent components |
| 2 | fpos | Stream position class template |
Classes
| Sr.No. | Member types | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ios | Base class for streams (type-dependent components) |
| 2 | ios_base | Base class for streams |
| 3 | wios | Base class for wide character streams |
Other types
| Sr.No. | Member types | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | io_errc | Input/output error conditions |
| 2 | streamoff | Stream offset type |
| 3 | streampos | Stream position type |
| 4 | streamsize | Stream size type |
| 5 | wstreampos | Wide stream position type |
Format flag manipulators (functions)
Independent flags (switch on) −
| Sr.No. | Member types | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | boolalpha | Alphanumerical bool values |
| 2 | showbase | Show numerical base prefixes |
| 3 | showpoint | Show decimal point |
| 4 | showpos | Show positive signs |
| 5 | skipws | Skip whitespaces |
| 6 | unitbuf | Flush buffer after insertions |
| 7 | uppercase | Generate upper-case letters |
Independent flags (switch off) −
| Sr.No. | Member types | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | noboolalpha | No alphanumerical bool values |
| 2 | noshowbase | Do not show numerical base prefixes |
| 3 | noshowpoint | Do not show decimal point |
| 4 | noshowpos | Do not show positive signs |
| 5 | noskipws | Do not skip whitespaces |
| 6 | nounitbuf | Do not force flushes after insertions |
| 7 | nouppercase | Do not generate upper case letters |
Numerical base format flags (“basefield” flags) −
| Sr.No. | Member types | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | dec | Use decimal base |
| 2 | hex | Use hexadecimal base |
| 3 | oct | Use octal base |
Floating-point format flags (“floatfield” flags) −
| Sr.No. | Member types | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | fixed | Use fixed floating-point notation |
| 2 | scientific | Use scientific floating-point notation |
Adustment format flags (“adjustfield” flags) −
| Sr.No. | Member types | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | internal | Adjust field by inserting characters at an internal position |
| 2 | left | Adjust output to the left |
| 3 | right | Adjust output to the right |
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