To become an expert AWK programmer, you need to know its internals. AWK follows a simple workflow − Read, Execute, and Repeat. The following diagram depicts the workflow of AWK −

Read

AWK reads a line from the input stream (file, pipe, or stdin) and stores it in memory.

Execute

All AWK commands are applied sequentially on the input. By default AWK execute commands on every line. We can restrict this by providing patterns.

Repeat

This process repeats until the file reaches its end.

Program Structure

Let us now understand the program structure of AWK.

BEGIN block

The syntax of the BEGIN block is as follows −

Syntax

BEGIN {awk-commands}

The BEGIN block gets executed at program start-up. It executes only once. This is good place to initialize variables. BEGIN is an AWK keyword and hence it must be in upper-case. Please note that this block is optional.

Body Block

The syntax of the body block is as follows −

Syntax

/pattern/ {awk-commands}

The body block applies AWK commands on every input line. By default, AWK executes commands on every line. We can restrict this by providing patterns. Note that there are no keywords for the Body block.

END Block

The syntax of the END block is as follows −

Syntax

END {awk-commands}

The END block executes at the end of the program. END is an AWK keyword and hence it must be in upper-case. Please note that this block is optional.

Let us create a file marks.txt which contains the serial number, name of the student, subject name, and number of marks obtained.

1)  Amit    Physics  80
2)  Rahul   Maths    90
3)  Shyam   Biology  87
4)  Kedar   English  85
5)  Hari    History  89

Let us now display the file contents with header by using AWK script.

Example

[jerry]$ awk ''BEGIN{printf "Sr NotNametSubtMarksn"} {print}'' marks.txt

When this code is executed, it produces the following result −

Output

Sr No Name Sub Marks
1) Amit Physics 80
2) Rahul Maths 90
3) Shyam Biology 87
4) Kedar English 85
5) Hari History 89

At the start, AWK prints the header from the BEGIN block. Then in the body block, it reads a line from a file and executes AWK”s print command which just prints the contents on the standard output stream. This process repeats until file reaches the end.