Category: fundamentals Of Science And Technology

Biotechnology Biotechnology is that branch of science which gained popularity in the 1970s. This is a Science which through different biological processes exploits organisms, cells, or/and cellular components to develop new technology. Biotechnology is proven to be very useful in the field of agriculture, medicine, industry, and environmental studies. The Different Categories in Biotechnology Let us now discuss the different categories in Bitechnology. Red Biotechnology This technology is used in the field of medicine to do research and develop new drugs. It makes use of stem cells to regenerate damaged human tissue. Green Biotechnology This technology is used in the field of agriculture to research and develop pest-resistant solutions. As part of Green Biotechnology, research activities are also done for disease-resistant animals. White Biotechnology This technology used in the field of industry to research and develop new chemicals or for the development of new fuels for vehicles. Blue Biotechnology This technology is used in the field of marine and aquatic environment to research and develop new techniques to control the proliferation of noxious water-borne organisms. Deoxyribonucleic Acid Deoxyribonucleic Acid or simply DNA is a micro element that specialized in carrying the genetic information in all cellular forms. As it is a natural polymer of nucleotide; therefore, it is known as polynucleotide. Most of the DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands, which remain coiled around each other and form a double helix structure (as shown in the image given above). DNA is a storehouse of biological information. In 1869, DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher; however, the molecular structure was first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. Application of DNA Science in Technology Let us now discuss the fields where the DNA Science can be applied − Genetic Engineering The technology is used in developing genetically modified organisms, frequently used in agriculture. DNA Profiling This is done by forensic scientists; they take blood sample, semen, skin, body hair, saliva, etc. to identify people based on their DNA. This comes as great help in cases such as where the criminals need to be identified or the biological parentage of a child needs to be identified. Bioinformatics It is a technique to store, data mine, search, and manipulate biological data. It is largely applied in Computer Science. For example, it is used in string searching algorithms, machine learning, etc. DNA Nanotechnology This technology is used in molecular recognition, i.e., learning the properties of DNA and other nucleic acids. Anthropology DNA technology greatly helps anthropologists to understand the evolutionary history of organisms. Ribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid or simply RNA is a nucleic acid that helps in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. Unlike DNA, RNA is found as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand (see the image given below – a comparative structure is shown). Cellular organisms normally use messenger RNA, i.e., mRNA to convey genetic information. Learning working make money

Satellites Launched by India The following table lists down the major satellites launched by India − Mission Launching Vehicle Year Discipline Aryabhatta Interkosmos-II 1975 Earth Sciences Space Physics Bhaskara Sega-I Modified SS-5 1979 Astronomy, Communications, Engineering, Earth Sciences Rohini RS-1 SLV-3-E2 1980 Earth Sciences APPLE Ariane-1 (V-3) 1981 Communications Bhaskara -II Modified SS-5 1981 Engineering Earth Sciences INSAT-1A Delta 3910 PAM-D 1982 Communications INSAT-1D Delta 4925 1990 Communications Earth Sciences SROSS-C ASLV-D3 1992 Astronomy Earth Sciences Space Physics IRS-P2 PSLV-D2 1994 Earth Sciences IRS-1D PSLV-C1 1997 Earth Sciences OceanSat-1 (IRS-P4) PSLV-C2 1999 Earth Sciences INSAT-3B Ariane-5G 2000 Communications GSAT-1 (GramSat-1) GSLV-D1 2001 Communications Engineering TES PSLV-C3 2001 Earth Sciences Kalpana-1 (MetSat-1) PSLV-C4 2002 Earth Sciences GSAT-2 (GramSat-2) GSLV-D2 2003 Communications ResourceSat-1 (IRS-P6) PSLV-C5 2003 Earth Sciences GSAT-3 (EduSat) GSLV-F01 2004 Communications CartoSat-1 PSLV-C6 2005 Earth Sciences HamSat PSLV-C6 2005 Communications SRE-1 PSLV-C7 2007 Engineering IMS-1 (Indian MiniSatellite-1 or, (Third World Satellite) PSLV-C9 2008 Earth Sciences Chandrayaan-1 PSLV-C11 2008 Planetary Sciences RISAT-2 PSLV-C12 2009 Earth Sciences AnuSat-1 PSLV-C12 2009 Communications OceanSat-2 PSLV-C14 2009 Earth Sciences StudSat (STUDent SATellite) PSLV-C15 2010 Earth Sciences ResourceSat-2 PSLV-C16 2011 Earth Sciences Technology Applications YouthSat (IMS-2) PSLV-C16 2011 Solar Physics Space Physics GSAT-8 (GramSat-8, or INSAT-4G) Ariane-5 VA-202 2011 Communications Megha-Tropiques PSLV-C18 2011 Earth Sciences Jugnu PSLV-C18 2011 Earth Sciences Technology Applications SRMSat PSLV-C18 2011 Earth Sciences Technology Applications SARAL PSLV-C20 2013 Earth Sciences IRNSS-1A PSLV-C22 2013 Navigation/Global Positioning Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) (Mangalyaan-1) PSLV-C25 2013 Planetary Science IRNSS-1B PSLV-C24 2014 Navigation/Global Positioning GSAT-16 Ariane-5 2014 Communications Astrosat PSLV-C30 2015 Space Sciences GSAT-15 Ariane 5 VA-227 2015 Communications IRNSS-1E PSLV-C31 2016 Navigation/Global Positioning SathyabamaSat PSLV-C34 2016 Technology Applications Swayam-1 PSLV-C34 2016 Communications Technology Applications Pratham PSLV-C35 2016 Technology Applications INS-1A (ISRO Nano-Satellite 1A) PSLV-C37 2017 Technology Applications Learning working make money

Fundamentals of Science & Technology Online Quiz Following quiz provides Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) related to Fundamentals of Science and Technology. You will have to read all the given answers and click over the correct answer. If you are not sure about the answer then you can check the answer using Show Answer button. You can use Next Quiz button to check new set of questions in the quiz. Q 1 – Consider the following statements: 1. Glonass is a French satellite navigation system. 2. Glonass became fully operational in 1998. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: Answer : B Explanation Glonass is a Russian satellite navigation system. Show Answer Q 2 – The Indian Forest Act was enacted in … Answer : B Explanation N/A Show Answer Q 3 – Consider the following statements: 1. The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) is a multi-purpose satellite system. 2. INSAT encompasses telecommunications, meteorological, observations and data relay. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: Answer : C Explanation INSAT is joint venture of Department of Space, India Meteorological Department, Department of Telecommunications, All India Radio, and Doordarshan. Show Answer Q 4 – Consider the following statements: 1. Telemedicine is one of the important applications of Space Technology that acts as a catalyst for the societal development. 2. ISRO launched the program ‘Telemedicine’ in 2001. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: Answer : C Explanation Telemedicine service is made available especially to the remote regions of the country. Show Answer Q 5 – Consider the following statements: 1. Cartosat-2 is an advanced remote sensing satellite with a single panchromatic camera. 2. Cartosat-2 provides scene-specific spot imageries for cartographic application. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: Answer : C Explanation N/A Show Answer Q 6 – Nanoscience is the study of … Answer : A Explanation Nano is a Greek word meaning dwarf or very small. Show Answer Q 7 – Which among the following correctly defines the term ‘Cognitive Feedback Helmets?’ Answer : A Explanation N/A Show Answer Q 8 – The Center for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics is located in … Answer : C Explanation The center is operated by the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology. Show Answer Q 9 – Which among the following is known as energy plant? Answer : A Explanation Jatropha is capable enough to be used as biofuels. Show Answer Q 10 – The life of Methane in the atmosphere is … Answer : B Explanation N/A Show Answer Q 11 – In reference to Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), the Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment is located in … Answer : B Explanation N/A Show Answer Q 12 – The Pokhran-II was tested in … Answer : B Explanation It was tested on May 13, 1998. Show Answer Q 13 – India’s first successful nuclear bomb test was named as … Answer : A Explanation Smiling Buddha was the code of Pokhran I test. Show Answer Q 14 – Consider the following statements: 1. The Light Combat Aircraft program was first commenced in 1985. 2. In 2004, the Light Combat Aircraft was named as ‘Tejas’ by the prime minister AB Vajpayee. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: Answer : C Explanation N/A Show Answer Q 15 – In reference to the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program; Prithvi is a … Answer : C Explanation N/A Show Answer Q 16 – In reference to Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory is located in … Answer : B Explanation It is an armament development laboratory. Show Answer Q 17 – Consider the following statements: 1. Like fingerprints, DNA of every human being is unique. 2. Unlike fingerprints (which can be altered through surgery), DNA cannot be changed. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: Answer : C Explanation Fingerprint evidence sometimes vague to identify the originality, but DNA patterns are always clear. Show Answer Q 18 – In reference to biotechnology, consider the following statements: 1. Biotechnology can improve the animal’s health. 2. Biotechnology can engender environmental and conservation benefits. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: Answer : C Explanation Animal biotechnology includes all sorts of animals including fish, poultry, livestock, etc. Show Answer Q 19 – Which among the following is used for gamma sterilization and industrial radiography? Answer : A Explanation Cobalt-60 is an artificially produced radioisotope. Show Answer Q 20 – Consider the following statements: 1. When an organism dies, it no longer able to exchange carbon with the environment. 2. The accurate measurement of the amount of 14C depends, either by observing the beta decay of 14C or by accelerator mass spectroscopy that allows one to date the death of the once-living organism. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: Answer : C Explanation Mass spectroscopy is a technique of using a particle accelerator to separate 12C from 14C and then count the amount of each separately. 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India Defence Technology The responsibility of developing India’s defense technology is assigned to the DRDO, i.e., the Defence Research and Development Organization. The Defence Research and Development Organization or DRDO was set up in 1958 and hence, it is the supreme body of researching, monitoring, regulating, and administering the India Defence Research and Development Program. At present, DRDO is a network of more than 50 laboratories located in different cities of the country. The DRDO specializes in the following fields − Aeronautical Engineering Electronics Armaments Engineering system Combat vehicles Missiles Advanced computing and simulation Life science Special materials Agriculture Training, etc. Missile Technology The development of missile technology in India started in the 1960s. Consider the following point relating to Missile Technology − The first successful testing of space-cum-missile technology was the Rohini-75, which was tested in 1967. The research and development program of developing indigenous missiles was called the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program’. Types of Military Missiles Based on target and launching position, the military missiles are classified as − Air-to-Air Missile − This missile is carried by an aircraft and targets the enemy’s aircraft. Surface-to-Air − Such missiles are fired at enemy’s aircraft from the ground. Air-to-Surface − These missiles are fired at the enemy country’s ships, tankers, vehicles, bunkers, or military men from the aircraft. Surface-to-Surface − Such missiles are fired at enemy grounds from our grounds. Underwater − Such missiles target enemy locations in the water. The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program The idea of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was conceptualized by the former President and eminent scientist, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. The objective of this program was to enable India to attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. The missiles proposed under this program are − Prithvi − It is a short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile. Trishul − It is a short-range surface-to-air missile. Akash − It is a medium-range surface-to-air missile. Nag − It is a third generation anti-tank missile. Agni Series Agni is a series of medium to intercontinental range ballistic missiles. Agni missiles are medium-to-long range, nuclear weapons capable surface to surface ballistic missile. In the series of Agni missiles, the first (Agni-I) missile was developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program in the 1980s and it was first tested in 1989. The following table lists down the different Agni missiles with their features − Name Type Range Status Agni-I Medium-range ballistic missile 700 – 1,250 km Operational Agni-II Medium-range ballistic missile 2,000 – 3,000 km Operational Agni-III Intermediate-range ballistic missile 3,500 – 5,000 km Operational Agni-IV Intermediate-range ballistic missile 3,000 – 4,000 km Operational Agni-V Intercontinental ballistic missile 5,000 – 8,000 km Testing Agni-VI Intercontinental ballistic missile 8,000 – 10,000 km Under development Learning working make money

Government Space Agencies The following table lists down the major government space agencies of the world − Country/Region Agency Abbreviation United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Russia Russian Federal Space Agency RFSA Russia Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities Roscosmos Europe European Space Agency ESA Japan Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JAXA France Centre national d”études spatiales (National Centre for Space Studies) CNES Germany Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Center) DLR Italy Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (Italian Space Agency) ASI China China National Space Administration CNSA India Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO Canada Canadian Space Agency CSA United Kingdom UK Space Agency UKSA South Korea Korea Aerospace Research Institute KARI Algeria Algerian Space Agency ASA Ukraine State Space Agency of Ukraine SSAU Argentina Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales CoNAE Iran Iranian Space Agency and Iranian Space Research Center ISA and ISRC Spain Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA Netherlands Netherlands Space Office NSO Sweden Swedish National Space Board SNSB Brazil Agência Espacial Brasileira (Brazilian Space Agency) AEB Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission SUPARCO South Africa South African National Space Agency SANSA Switzerland Swiss Space Office SSO Mexico Agencia Espacial Mexicana (Mexican Space Agency) AEM Belarus Belarus Space Agency BSA Costa Rica Asociación Centroamericana de Aeronáutica yel Espacio (Central American Association for Aeronautics and Space) ACAE International Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum APRSAF Bahrain Bahrain’s National Space Science Agency NSSA Venezuela Agencia Bolivariana para Actividades Espaciales (Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities) ABAE Colombia Comisión Colombiana del Espacio (Colombian Space Commission) CCE Singapore Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing CRISP Poland Polska Agencja Kosmiczna (Polish Space Agency) POLSA United Nations United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs UNOOSA Space agencies with human spaceflight capability The following table lists down the different space agencies with human spaceflight capability − Country/Region Agency Abbreviation United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Russia Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities Roscosmos China China National Space Administration CNSA Learning working make money

Indian Space Research Organisations The following table illustrates the major space research organizations of India − Research Organization Location Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) & Bengaluru (Karnataka) Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad (Gujarat) Semi-Conductor Laboratory Chandigarh National Atmospheric Research Laboratory Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh) Space Applications Centre Ahmedabad (Gujarat) North-Eastern Space Applications Centre Shillong (Meghalaya) Construction and Launching Center ISRO Satellite Centre Bengaluru (Karnataka) Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems Bengaluru (Karnataka) Satish Dhawan Space Centre Sriharikota (Andhra Pradesh) Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) Human Resource Development Center Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) Dehradun (Uttarakhand) Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) Development and Educational Communication Unit Ahmedabad (Gujarat) Tracking and Control Facilities Center Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) Bengaluru (Karnataka) National Remote Sensing Centre Hyderabad (Telangana) ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network Bengaluru (Karnataka) Master Control Facility Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) & Hassan (Karnataka) Testing (Facility) Center ISRO Propulsion Complex Mahendragiri (Tamil Nadu) Other Centers Balasore Rocket Launching Station (BRLS) Balasore (Odisha) ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) Byalalu (Karnataka) Indian Space Science Data Center (ISSDC) Bengaluru (Karnataka) Learning working make money

Nuclear Energy in India In this chapter, we will discuss Nuclear Energy in India. Important Points About Nuclear Power in India Consider the following points about Nuclear Power in India − Nuclear power in India is the fourth-largest source of electricity after thermal, hydroelectric, and renewable sources (of electricity). India has 22 nuclear reactors operating in 8 nuclear power plants. The total installed capacity of nuclear power in India is 6780 MW. This produces 30,292.91 GWh of electricity. 6 reactors are under construction, which are expected to produce an additional 4,300 MW electricity. The nuclear power plant of Jaitapur (located in Maharashtra) is planned to start in collaboration with France. It is a 9900 MW project. The nuclear power plant of Kudankulam (located in Tamil Nadu) is an Indo-Russian collaboration. It is a 2000 MW project. The Apsara nuclear research reactor was India”s first nuclear reactor inaugurated in 1957. This was set up with assistance from the UK. India”s domestic uranium reserves are limited; hence, India imports uranium from Russia. Some other countries with which India has uranium supply agreements are Argentina, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Namibia. Furthermore, in 2011, the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD) of India has discovered large deposits of uranium in Tummalapalle belt located in Bhima River basin in Karnataka. In this region, about 44,000 tonnes of natural uranium has been discovered. Nuclear Power Plants in Operation The following table lists down the functional nuclear power plants − Power Plant Location Total capacity (MW) Operator Rawatbhata Rajasthan 1,180 NPCIL Tarapur Maharashtra 1,400 NPCIL Kudankulam Tamil Nadu 2,000 NPCIL Kakrapar Gujarat 440 NPCIL Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu 440 NPCIL Narora Uttar Pradesh 440 NPCIL Kaiga Karnataka 880 NPCIL Nuclear Power Plants Under Construction The following table lists down the nuclear power plants, which are under construction − Power Plant Location Total capacity (MW) Operator Rajasthan Unit 7 & 8 Rajasthan 1,400 NPCIL Kakrapar Unit 3 & 4 Gujarat 1,400 NPCIL Madras (Kalpakkam) Tamil Nadu 500 Bhavini Kudankulam Tamil Nadu 2,000 NPCIL Planned Nuclear Power Plants The following table lists down the planned nuclear power plant projects − Power station Location Total capacity (MW) Jaitapur Maharashtra 9,900 Kovvada Andhra Pradesh 6,600 t.b.d. (Mithi Virdi (Viradi)) Gujarat 6,600 t.b.d. (Haripur) West Bengal 6,000 Gorakhpur Haryana 2,800 Bhimpur Madhya Pradesh 2,800 Mahi Banswara Rajasthan 2,800 Kaiga Karnataka 1,400 Chutka Madhya Pradesh 1,400 Madras Tamil Nadu 1,200 Tarapur Maharashtra 300 Learning working make money

Communication Technology Communication is the exchange of information through different mediums. It is an activity that started even before the civilization of human beings; however, over a period of time, as technology advanced, accordingly different modes of communications also developed including telecommunication and wireless communication. In today’s world, information and communication technology play an important role in almost every activity that we perform. Types of Communication Based on the advancement and mode of technology, telecommunication is categorized as − Telecommunication Wireless Communication Let us now discuss each category − Telecommunication Telecommunication is a technique of transmission of information from one location to another by electromagnetic means. Different types of information can be transferred through a telecommunication system, such as voice, text, pictures, etc. Modern Telecommunication System The modern form of telecommunication involves computer technology and it is capable of transferring wide range of data including audio, video, textual, many other computer files. Major components of modern telecommunication are − Hardware − For example, computer system and modems. Software − This controls the Computer programs. Media − This is the communication outlet, wired or wireless. Networking − This technology connects various computer systems. Protocols − These rules govern information and communication transmission system. Wireless Communication Wireless communication is a technique of transmitting the information or power between two or more points, which are actually not connected with the physical wire/conductor. The most common wireless technology uses ‘radio waves’. Microwave transmission is another technology. The world’s first wireless telephone communication took place in 1880. This was experimented by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Summer Tainter. Both of them together invented and patented the ‘photophone.’ Photophone was a sort of telephone, which conducted audio conversations wirelessly over modulated light beams, i.e., electromagnetic waves. However, in the 21st century, the invention of cellular phones radically changed the concept of communication system and made available the wireless communication system even in the remote part of the country. Modulation Modulation is one of the most significant processes through which characteristics of a carrier wave varies in accordance with an information signal. In telecommunications, modulation is the process of transmitting a message signal inside another signal so that it can be physically transmitted. Likewise, modulation of a sine waveform transforms the narrow frequency range baseband message signal into the passband signal to pass through a filter. Demodulation Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation that change the signal and makes it understandable to the user. Modulator A modulator is a device that performs the modulation process. Demodulator Demodulator is a device that performs reverse modulation process or inverse of modulation. Modem Modem is device that performs both the process i.e. modulation and demodulation. Types of Modulation Let us now see what the different types of modulation are − Analog Modulation The waves continuously vary here and transfer signals; for example, audio signal, television signal, etc. Digital Modulation It remains in the form of discrete pulse, i.e., ‘on’ or ‘off.’ In this technology, all forms of data are used through binary digit, i.e., series of ‘0’ and ‘1.’ Methods of Modulation In this section, we will see the different methods of modulation − Amplitude modulation (AM) In this method, the strength or intensity of the signal carrier varies. This represents that the data is being added to the signal. Frequency modulation (FM) In this modulation, the frequency of the carrier waveform varies; this reflects the frequency of the data. Phase modulation (PM) − It is somehow similar to FM, but not the same. Learning working make money

Space Exploration – Timeline The following table lists down the major space missions along with their timelines − Mission Year Comment Country WAC Corporal 1946 It was the first (US designed) rocket that reached the edge of space. USA V-2 1946 The first pictures of the Earth were taken from an altitude of 105 km. USA R-1 1951 First time dogs were sent to space. USSR R-7 1957 First intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) developed. USSR Sputnik 1 1957 First artificial satellite. USSR Sputnik 2 1957 First animal (dog named Laika) sent to the orbit. USSR Explorer 6 1959 First photograph of Earth taken from the orbit (by NASA). USA Vostok I 1961 First manned flight carrying Yuri Gagarin USSR OSO-1 1962 First orbital solar observatory (by NASA). USA Vostok 6 1963 First woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova). USSR Luna 10 1966 First artificial satellite around the Moon. USSR Apollo 8 1968 First piloted orbital mission of Moon (by NASA). USA Apollo 11 1969 First human on the Moon and first space launch from a celestial body (by NASA) – Commander Neil Armstrong and Pilot Buzz Aldrin. USA Luna 16 1970 First automatic sample return from the Moon. USSR Salyut 1 1971 First space station. USSR Pioneer 10 1972 First human made object that had been sent on escape trajectory away from the Sun (by NASA). USA Mariner 10 1974 First photograph of Venus from Space (by NASA). USA Venera 13 1982 First Venus soil samples and sound recording of another world. USSR STS-41-B 1984 First untethered spacewalk, Bruce McCandless II (by NASA). USA Voyager 1 1990 First photograph of the whole Solar System (by NASA). USA Mir 1995 First Record longest duration spaceflight (i.e. 437.7 days) set by Valeri Polyakov. Russia HALCA 1997 First orbital radio observatory. Japan NEAR Shoemaker 2000 First orbiting of an asteroid (433 Eros) – by NASA. USA NEAR Shoemaker 2001 First landing on an asteroid (433 Eros) – by NASA. USA Genesis 2004 First sample return beyond lunar orbit (solar wind)- by NASA. USA Cassini Huygens 2005 First soft landing on Titan (Moon of Saturn). Hayabusa 2005 First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff. Japan Stardust 2006 First sample return from comet (81P/Wild) – by NASA. USA Kepler Mission 2009 First space telescope designated to search for Earth-like exoplanets – by NASA. USA MESSENGER 2011 First orbit of Mercury – by NASA. USA Voyager 1 2012 First manmade probe in interstellar space – by NASA. USA Rosetta 2014 First man-made probe to make a planned and soft landing on a comet. European Space Agency 2015 Lettuce was the first food eaten that was grown in space. USA & Japan Learning working make money

The DRDO The following table illustrates the major research centers of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) − Laboratory Name Area of Research Location Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment (ADRDE) Parachutes & Aerial Systems Agra Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (VRDE) Wheeled Vehicles Ahmednagar Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL) Naval Materials Ambernath Integrated Test Range (ITR) Missile Testing Balasore Proof and Experimental Establishment (PXE) Armament Testing Balasore Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) Aeronautics Bengaluru Centre for Air Borne System (CABS) Air-Borne Systems Bengaluru Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR) Artificial Intelligence & Robotics Bengaluru Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE) Avionics Bengaluru Defence Bio-engineering & Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) Bio-engineering Bengaluru Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) Gas Turbine Bengaluru Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) Radars Bengaluru Microwave Tube Research & Development Centre (MTRDC) Microwave Devices Bengaluru Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) Snow and Avalanche Chandigarh Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL) Ballistics Chandigarh Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE) Combat Vehicles Chennai Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory (DEAL) Electronics & Communication Systems Dehradun Instruments Research & Development Establishment (IRDE) Electronics & Optical Systems Dehradun Centre for Fire, Explosives & Environment Safety (CFEES) Explosives Delhi Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS) Physiology Delhi Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR) Psychological Research Delhi Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL) Terrain Research Delhi Institute of Nuclear Medicines & Allied Sciences (INMAS) Nuclear Medicine Delhi Joint Cipher Bureau (JCB) Cipher Systems Delhi Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC) Laser Technology Delhi Scientific Analysis Group (SAG) Cryptology Delhi Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL) Solid- State/ Semiconductor Materials Delhi Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE) Chemical & Biological Warfare Gwalior Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research (DIBER) Bio-Energy Haldwani Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group (ANURAG) Computational System Hyderabad Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL) Missiles & Strategic Systems Hyderabad Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences (CHESS) High Energy Weapons Hyderabad Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL) Electronic Warfare Hyderabad Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL) Metallurgy Hyderabad Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL) Missile & Strategic Systems Hyderabad Research Centre Imarat (RCI) Missile & Strategic Systems Hyderabad Defence Laboratory (DL) Camouflaging and Isotopes Jodhpur Defence Materials & Stores Research & Development Establishment (DMSRDE) Textiles, Polymers & Composites Kanpur Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL) Sonar Systems Kochi Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR) High Altitude Agroanimal Research Leh Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL) Food Research Mysore Armaments Research & Development Establishment (ARDE) Armaments Pune High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) High Energy Materials Pune Research & Development Establishment (Engrs) (R&DE[E]) Engineering Systems & Weapon Platforms Pune Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) Health & Hygiene Tezpur Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL) Underwater Weapons Visakhapatnam Learning working make money