Category: fundamentals Of Science And Technology

India: Development of Science & Technology For the organized growth and development of Science and Technology in India, different specialized research and development agencies and organization are being set up. Every organization specializes in a particular field to develop an advanced type of knowledge-based technology; for example, atomic industry is accountable to develop nuclear technology to fulfil the growing demands of energy. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (or CSIR) is a premier national Research & Development organization. CSIR is also accountable for the human resource development in the field of Science and Technology. CAPART During the seventh five-year plan (in 1986), the Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) was established. CAPART has been assigned with the task to catalyze and co-ordinate the emerging partnership between the Government and the voluntary organizations for sustainable development of rural areas. Primarily, there were two organizations namely Council for Advancement of Rural Technology – CART and People’s Action for Development India – PADI; so, CAPART is a merger of these two organizations. At present, CAPART is an autonomous body and is largely accountable for the rural development in India. CAPART supports and promotes the voluntary organizations in planning and implementing the sustainable development projects especially in rural areas. The organizations also provides a platform for women, the physically challenged and disadvantaged groups to participate and promote the development. Department of Science & Technology The Department of Science & Technology (DST) plays a pivotal role in the promotion of science and technology in India. DST has a huge responsibility; such as, at one end, it promotes high end research & development of cutting edge technologies; on the other hand, it provides technical skill sets and basic technologies to the common people. Science & Technology Facts Let us now discuss a few facts in the field of Science and technology. At present, India is one of the most fascinating destinations for technology transactions in the world and it is ranked among the top five. At present, about 27 satellites (out of which 11 facilitate the communication network to the country) are active and in operations. Furthermore, India is ranked among the top ten nations in terms of the number of scientific publications. As per the report of the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM), the analytics industry of India is expected to touch about USD 16 billion by 2015 from the current USD 2 billion. Very recently, with 1,000 MW capacity, the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project Unit 1 (KKNPP 1) was set up. The KKNPP I is located in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. To add to the existing project, with the same capacity (i.e. 1,000 MW), the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project Unit 2 is under commissioning. The DRDO, i.e., the Defense Research and Development Organization has tied up with Snecma, a French engine maker to develop the Gas Turbine and Research Establishment (GTRE); the GTRE will improve the performance of the Kaveri engines. Kaveri engines are being used in ‘Teja’ the indigenous developed Light Combat Aircraft (LCA). The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has successfully completed its mission of developing India’s independent navigation system by launching the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS – 1G). IRNSS – 1G is the seventh navigation satellite and it will reduce the country’s dependency on US Global Positioning System. India recently has become an Associate Member State of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN); the motive is to increase the collaboration between India and CERN’s scientific and technological efforts and also promote the participation of Indian physicists, software engineers, and electronics hardware in global experiments. The DHR (i.e. Department of Health Research), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare planned to set up a three-tier national network of Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories (VRDLs). Under the project VRDLs, 160 VRDLs will be set up with the capacity to handle about 30 to 35 viruses of public health importance. The Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of India has now become the second country outside of Europe to have joined the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). Learning working make money

Discuss Fundamentals of Science & Technology Science and Technology is one of the disciplines of modern science under which, we study about the various technologies, their applications, and the development led by these technologies. Science and Technology also includes a wide range of topics such as Space Science Technology, Biotechnology, Nanotechnology, Defense Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Information Technology, E-infrastructure, etc. By considering the diversity of the discipline, we have categorized this tutorial into different chapters for easy understanding. Learning working make money

E-Infrastructure in India In today’s world, e-infrastructure is the key element for the development of a society. E-infrastructure facilitates competent equipment and favorable resources and opportunities that are essentially needed to for the safety, security, and development of a society. Further, e-infrastructure helps to integrate various technologies including different computer systems, internet broadband channels, computing power, data storage, data sharing, and many more. To meet the growing challenges of globalization and also cope-up with the sustainable growth of information and communication technology, it is essentially required to integrate these systems by developing better e-infrastructure. Initiatives By understanding the growing demand and challenges, the Department of Information Technology formulated a ‘National Policy on Universal Electronic Accessibility’. The policy was approved by the union cabinet in 2013. The major strategies adopted in the implementation of the policy have been taken from the Press Information Bureau Government of India Cabinet October 3, 2013 − Creating awareness on universal electronics accessibility and universal design. Capacity building and infrastructure development. Setting up of model electronics and ICTs centres for providing training and demonstration to special educators and physically as well as mentally challenged persons. Conducting research and development, use of innovation, ideas, technology etc. whether indigenous or outsourced from abroad. Developing programme and schemes with greater emphasis for differently abled women/children. Developing procurement guidelines for electronics and ICTs for accessibility and assistive needs. ITIR For the exclusive growth of E-infrastructure in India, the Government of India has formulated the policy on ‘Information Technology Investment Regions (ITIRs) in 2008. As per the policy, ITIRs will be self-contained integrated township with the purpose to accelerated growth of Information Technology, Information Technology Enabled Service, and Electronic Hardware Manufacturing units. Further, the policy has recommended to assign minimum area of 40 sq. km for ITIR. However, out of the total demarcated area, 40% should be reserved for the processing zone and the remaining area for the non-processing zone. The processing zone will include − Information Technology/Information Technology Enabled Services Electronic Hardware Manufacturing Units Logistics and other services and required infrastructure. On the other hand, the non-processing area will include − Residential area Commercial area Other social and institutional infrastructure National Knowledge Network In 2009, in order to create an infrastructure that can fulfil the future requirements, the concept of ‘National Knowledge Network’ (NKN) is conceptualized. The concept of NKN is designed to Encourage, Enable, Enrich, and Empower the user community to test and implement the innovative ideas without any restrictions. Further, the NKN will provide better − Network design Security requirements Service requirements Operational requirements Dot Bharat The concept of developing the domain and website in ‘Devnagri’ (native script) was launched in August 2014. This script will cover the following Indian languages − Hindi Marathi Boro Dogri Maithili Sindhi Gujarati Gradually, other languages will also be covered. Learning working make money

Role of Science & Technology In India Over a period of time, India has progressively and perceptibly paved way for development in the field of Science and Technology. The 21st century in India is apparently marked as the beginning towards an advancement in terms of technology and enrichment of knowledge base in the fields of Science. At present, India holds a strong position in terms of advanced technology. India also serves as a knowledge warehouse with the existence of its many institutions catering to Science and Technology which come with qualified and trained manpower. Areas of Development Let us now discuss the different areas which undergo development with the advancement in Science and Technology − Higher education Scientific research and development Technological development Advancement of agricultural system Development of space science and technology Development of medical science and technology Development of infrastructure Information and communication technology Development of various fields of engineering (including software, chemical, mechanical, civil, electrical, electronic, etc.) Likewise, India has strong scientific and technological base that spreads across the country in the form of academic institutions, research and development laboratories, advanced medical center (with research facilities), experimental centers, and different advanced industries. Because of the development in all spheres of Science and technology, today, India is unquestionably a leading developing country in the world. Science & Technology and Industry in India Over the recent past, Science and Technology has made tremendous contribution towards the settlement of industries in India. Starting from the micro level to the macro level, research and development in the field of technology has created an ideal niche for the overall growth of the economic condition of the country. The perceptible examples are the development of Atomic Energy, Space Science, dozens of successful satellite systems, advanced medical technologies, etc. After the independence, it was not possible for India to depend on other countries for various aspects of development; therefore, the development of indigenous technology was indispensable for the overall development of a country. Thankfully, today, Indian technologies and companies are as competent as in other developed countries. India is also a lead in various fields, and is a tough competitor for other countries. If we discuss about the skilled human resources, many Indians are at top-notch positions in leading companies. Indian industries started flourishing post 1990, i.e., the landmark era. Globalization, liberalization, and privatization, facilitated this growth. The industries catering to Information & Technology, Atomic Energy, Automotive, Biotechnology, Nanotechnology, Pharmaceutical, Petroleum, etc. have increased at global level. On the other hand, the Government of India has also made sizable investment in the field of research and development to encourage the advancement of Indian economy. For consistent and efficient growth, various initiatives have been taken by establishing the following organizations − Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) center Department of Science and Technology (DST) All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMA) Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) Central Drug Research Institute Centre for the Study of Developing Societies Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute Central Food Technological Research Institute Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI) Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture Central Soil Salinity Research Institute Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST) Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) Institute of Economic Growth Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB) National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology (NIELIT) National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) Likewise, there are dozens of other such scientific research centers, which have been set up for the overall economic growth of the country. Science & Technology and Society in India The growth, peace, and security of a society is directly related to the development of the technology; as Science and Technology in a way influences the development as well as security of the society. Consider the following points to understand how the security of a society is directly related to the development of the technology − CCTV Camera at various locations (especially at public places) is one of the best examples of keeping crime under surveillance and it also provides a sense of security to the people. Because of the advancement in technology, today, there is a reduce in communication gap; people have the information of where their near and dear ones are and are just a phone call away at times of need. The job of the police has become easier, as police can trace criminals easily. Besides, because of the advancement of technology, today, most of the villages in India have electricity, road, and can avail for essential facilities. People, who are residing in even very remote part of the country, have the benefit of entertaining themselves and upgrading their knowledge through the different programmes broadcast on television (with dozens of channels). Telecommunications network towers have been set up at the remotest of the remote regions too. Therefore, Science and Technology is like a boon for the overall scientific and economic development of the country. Learning working make money

Fundamentals of Science & Technology – Quick Guide Science & Technology – Introduction The evolution of science is like a boon to the world, as human beings come to know a lot about the world they are living in including the activities they indulge into. Furthermore, the development of technology along with the advancement in Science helps to bring in a revolution in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, education, information and technology, and many more. In the present world, if we think of any sort of development, then the presence of science and technology cannot be ignored. What is Science? Science fundamentally is the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the natural and physical world through observations and experiments. Study of science evolved with the civilization of human beings. What is Technology? Technology (which is basically derived from the Greek word ‘technologia’) is an art, skill or ability, which is used to create and develop products and acquire knowledge. Scientists used their knowledge to develop technology and then used technology to develop Science; so, because of this reason science and technology are an integrated term in today’s world. Consider the following points to understand the relationship between Science and Technology − Contribution of Science to Technology Contribution of Technology to Science Let us discuss these points in brief. Contribution of Science to Technology Let us now understand how Science has contributed to Technology − Science as a direct source of new technological ideas For example, innovation and development medical instruments; nuclear technology, radar system, etc. Science as a source of engineering Most of the technical knowledge used in the designing and development of tools and techniques is actually an outcome of ‘engineering science’. Science has also helped in the development of human skills. This is one of the fundamental contributions of Science. Contribution of Technology to Science Consider the following points to understand the contribution of Technology to Science − Technology as a source of scientific challenges The development in the field of technology paves way for research and development in the field of Science. For example, space science is one of them. Technological development likewise indirectly stimulates basic research in the field of science. Instrumentation and measurement techniques Development of advanced instruments facilitated scientists to measure the distance between sun and earth, the intensity of sun’s rays, the revolution of celestial bodies, internal problems of human beings, life of a bridge, etc. Role of Science & Technology in Today’s Life In today’s world, the role of science and technology is indispensable. We need Science and Technology in every sphere of our life like to treat diseases such as cancer or even to book a cab or train/flight ticket. In fact, without technology (integrated with science), we cannot imagine our life per se. One of the most important aspects of Science and Technology is that it has solution to the difficult of the difficult problems, the problems which have the potential to become major bottlenecks to the overall growth of the country. Some of these problems could be − Health aspects Standard of education Availability of healthy food and safe drinking water Infrastructure On the other hand, once mitigating solutions are found for these problems, then the second major issue is the under-development in the field of scientific research and technology that directly affects the development of the country’s economy, infrastructure, higher education, and a few other fields listed below − Development of nuclear technology Defense technology Development of satellites Biotechnology Meteorological science Space technology Nanotechnology Wireless communication, etc. All these technologies, in turn, provide favorable conditions for the country’s growth and increase healthy competition nationally and also internationally. In today’s world, more often, we get to read or listen that developed countries, developing countries, underdeveloped countries, or even third-world countries, all these designate the level of development of Science and Technology in other countries, they have the influence on. Government has also created an exclusive department to emphasize on the development of Science and Technology and a separate budget is also allocated for the same. Nature of Science & Technology Let us now discuss the nature of Science and Technology. There are normally two types of knowledge required for the overall development of a country − Technical Knowledge It can be defined in the simplest term as – ‘know-how’. It includes ranges of basic skills such as advancement in agriculture, development of chemical industries, medical technology, software engineering, etc. Understanding of the attributes or elements It means, knowledge and understanding of the intelligence of workers, quality of products, value of a firm, effectiveness of market, etc. The uncompetitiveness of any of the attributes or elements leads to knowledge gap and information deficiency, which is directly related to the under-development of the respective country. Likewise, Science and Technology is directly related to the overall development of the country. As a matter of fact, Science and Technology facilitates healthy competition between the different attributes and elements and acts like a platform for a better life. Therefore, in order to alleviate the basic problems of food and supply, safe drinking water, health problems, education, infrastructure, etc., the emphasis and gradual development of Science and Technology is essential. Role of Science & Technology In India Over a period of time, India has progressively and perceptibly paved way for development in the field of Science and Technology. The 21st century in India is apparently marked as the beginning towards an advancement in terms of technology and enrichment of knowledge base in the fields of Science. At present, India holds a strong position in terms of advanced technology. India also serves as a knowledge warehouse with the existence of its many institutions catering to Science and Technology which come with qualified and trained manpower. Areas of Development Let us now discuss the different areas which undergo development with the advancement in Science and Technology − Higher education Scientific research and development Technological development Advancement of agricultural system Development of space science

Foreign Satellites Launched by India The following table illustrates the major foreign satellites that launched by India − Satellite Year Launching Vehicle Country DLR-Tubsat 1999 PSLV-C2 Germany Kitsat-3 1999 PSLV-C2 South Korea BIRD 2001 PSLV-C3 Germany PROBA 2001 PSLV –C3 Belgium Lapan – TUBsat 2007 PSLV-C7 Indonesia Pehuensat-1 2007 PSLV-C7 Argentina AGILE 2007 PSLV-C8 Italy TecSAR 2008 PSLV-C10 Israel CAN-X2 2008 PSLV-C9 Canada CUTE-1.7 2008 PSLV-C9 Japan Delfi-C3 2008 PSLV-C9 Netherlands AAUSAT-II 2008 PSLV-C9 Denmark COMPASS-1 2008 PSLV-C9 Germany SEEDS-2 2008 PSLV-C9 Japan NLS-5 2008 PSLV-C9 Canada Rubin-8 2008 PSLV-C9 Germany UWE-2 2009 PSLV-C14 Germany BeeSat-1 2009 PSLV-C14 Germany ITUpSAT1 2009 PSLV-C14 Turkey SwissCube-1 2009 PSLV-C14 Switzerland ALSAT-2A 2010 PSLV-C15 Algeria VESSELSAT-1 2011 PSLV-C18 Luxembourg X-SAT 2011 PSLV-C16 Singapore SPOT-6 2012 PSLV-C21 France PROITERES 2012 PSLV-C21 Japan SAPPHIRE 2013 PSLV-C20 Canada NEOSSAT 2013 PSLV-C20 Canada STRAND-1 2013 PSLV-C20 United Kingdom AISAT 2014 PSLV-C23 Germany DMC3-1 2015 PSLV-C28 United Kingdom LAPAN-A2 2015 PSLV-C30 Indonesia Lemur-2-Peter 2015 PSLV-C30 United States TeLEOS-1 2015 PSLV-C29 Singapore Galassia 2015 PSLV-C29 Singapore SkySat Gen2-1 2016 PSLV-C34 United States 12 Dove Satellites 2016 PSLV-C34 United States Pathfinder-1 2016 PSLV-C35 United States 88 Flock-3p satellites 2017 PSLV-C37 United States Al-Farabi-1 2017 PSLV-C37 Kazakhstan PEASS 2017 PSLV-C37 Belgium Pegasus(QB50 AT03) 2017 PSLV-C38 Austria SUCHAI-1 2017 PSLV-C38 Chile VZLUSAT-1 2017 PSLV-C38 Czech Republic Aalto-1 2017 PSLV-C38 Finland ROBUSTA-1B 2017 PSLV-C38 France URSAMAIOR 2017 PSLV-C38 Italy Max Valier 2017 PSLV-C38 Italy Venta-1 2017 PSLV-C38 Latvia LituanicaSAT-2 2017 PSLV-C38 Lithuania skCUBE 2017 PSLV-C38 Slovakia 3 Diamond Satellites 2017 PSLV-C38 United Kingdom CICERO-6 2017 PSLV-C38 USA Learning working make money

Nuclear Technology The energy released by the change in the nucleus of atoms is known as nuclear energy. The changes in the nucleus of atoms is normally caused by either nuclear fusion or nuclear fission. The technology that manipulates such changes in nucleus (nuclear reaction) of some specific elements and transform into energy is known as nuclear technology. The energy released through the nuclear reaction is very high. For example, the fission of 1 kg of uranium-235 releases about 18.5 million kilowatt-hours heat. Nuclear reactions naturally occur in chain reactions and hence keep releasing energy in continuity. In 1942, the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi first successfully produced the nuclear chain reaction. What is Nuclear Fuel? Nuclear fuel is the element that is used in nuclear power plants to produce heat to power the turbines. Following are the major fuel elements − Uranium dioxide Plutonium Uranium nitride Uranium carbide Pressurized water reactor Boiling water reactors, etc. Application of Nuclear Technology Following are the areas where Nuclear Technology is applied − Production of electric energy. Nuclear technology is also used in different industries. For example, manufacturing of plastics and in the sterilization of disposable products. Manufacturing of nuclear weapons for the defense forces of the country. Medicinal use. For example, radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant tumors. Frequently used in agricultural field to control pests, maximizing water resources, etc. Used to reduce the environmental and health consequences of large-scale use of fossil fuels. Advantages of Nuclear Energy Production Following are the Advantages of Nuclear Energy Production − Nuclear energy has the least impact on the environment, as it does not pollute air. Nuclear plant does not require a very large area for setup. Nuclear energy plant does not release greenhouse gases. Once constructed and made it operative, its maintenance cost is much cheaper Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy Production Following are the Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy Production − It is very expensive to set up a nuclear plant. Different types of approvals are required including government’s approval. Nuclear waste is very hazardous, as it remains radioactive for thousands of years. Though it is rare, but nuclear accident is highly fatal. For example, the Chernobyl disaster (about 30 thousand people died). Nuclear Power Around the World Consider the following points to understand the position of Nuclear Energy around the world − Nuclear energy is going to be the next super energy of the world because of its efficiency. At present, not many, but about 31 countries are involved in developing nuclear energy. There are about 440 nuclear reactors, which are producing energy for commercial purposes. Nuclear energy provides about 14 percent of the world’s total electricity requirements. The United States of America is the largest producer of nuclear energy, as it generates about one-third of world’s total and France is the second largest producer In terms of percentage of share in total domestic electricity generation, France is the largest generator of nuclear energy. In France, nuclear energy shares about 72 percent of the total domestic energy production. Learning working make money

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Fundamentals of Science & Technology Online Test This Fundamentals of Science and Technology Online Test simulates a real online certification exams. You will be presented Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) based on Fundamentals of Science and Technology Concepts, where you will be given four options. You will select the best suitable answer for the question and then proceed to the next question without wasting given time. You will get your online test score after finishing the complete test. Total Questions − 42 Max Time − 42 Min Learning working make money

Nuclear Energy By Country Globally, there are about 31 countries in which nuclear power plants are functional. However, a few countries, such as France, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belgium, and Hungary use nuclear energy as the main source for a majority of the country”s electricity supply. A group of countries including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, New Zealand, Norway, and Philippines have no nuclear power stations and they oppose such nuclear energy production. The following table lists down the countries and the number of nuclear power plants in them − Country Number of reactors Generated electricity (GWh) domestic generation share in % Argentina 3 7677.36 5.60% Armenia 1 2194.85 31.40% Belgium 7 41430.45 51.70% Brazil 2 14970.46 2.90% Bulgaria 2 15083.45 35% Canada 19 95650.19 15.60% China Mainland 36 197829.04 3.60% Czech Republic 6 22729.87 29.40% Finland 4 22280.1 33.70% France 58 386452.88 72.30% Germany 8 80069.61 13.10% Hungary 4 15183.01 51.30% India 22 35006.83 3.40% Iran 1 5923.97 2.10% Japan 43 17537.14 2.20% Republic of Korea 25 154306.65 30.30% Netherlands 1 3749.81 3.40% Mexico 2 10272.29 6.20% Pakistan 4 5438.9 4.40% Romania 2 10388.2 17.10% Russia 37 184054.09 17.10% Slovakia 4 13733.35 54.10% Slovenia 1 5431.27 35.20% South Africa 2 15209.47 6.60% Spain 7 56102.44 21.40% Sweden 10 60647.4 40.00% Switzerland 5 20303.12 34.40% Taiwan 6 30461.09 13.70% Ukraine 15 76077.79 52.30% United Kingdom 15 65148.98 20.40% United States 100 804872.94 19.70% World total 452 2,476 TWh 10.9% Learning working make money