Learning Soil Pollution work project make money

Environmental Studies – Soil Pollution Soil pollution refers to an undesirable decrease in the quality of soil, either by man-induced sources or natural sources or by both. Soil is vital not only for the growth of plants and growing food but also cultivating raw materials for agro-based industries. Health soil is a significant prerequisite for human survival. Causes of Soil Erosion Deforestation at large scale Over-grazing Mining Decrease in soil microorganisms Excessive use of chemical fertilizers Excessive use of irrigation Lack of humus content Improper and unscientific rotation of crops Soil pollution leads to many harmful consequences such as decrease in agricultural production; reduced nitrogen fixation; reduction in biodiversity; silting of tanks, lakes and reservoirs; diseases and deaths of consumers in the food chain due to use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, etc. Soil Pollution Control Adoption of soil-friendly agricultural practices. Use of compost manures in place of chemical fertilizers; Use of bio-fertilizers and natural pesticides help in minimizing the usage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides Scientific rotation of crop to increase soil fertility. Proper disposal of industrial and urban solid and liquid wastes. Planting of trees to check soil erosion in slopes and mountainous regions. Controlled grazing. Reduction in the heaps of garbage and refuse. The principles of three R’s − Recycle, Reuse, and Reduce − help in minimizing generation of solid waste. Formulation and effective implementation of stringent pollution control legislation. Improved sewage and sanitation system in urban areas. Learning working make money

Learning Environmental Studies – Discussion work project make money

Discuss Environmental Studies Environmental studies refer to an extensive and systematic study of nature/environment, its physical, biological, social, and cultural factors, as well as the nature and characteristics of the relationship between man and environment. Environmental studies help us understand the importance of our environment and teaches us to use natural resources more efficiently and embrace a sustainable way of living. How far man influences nature and to what extent nature delivers its bounties constitute another objective of environmental studies. This tutorial is concise and takes an authentic approach to provide a vivid account of the natural environment and related issues. Learning working make money

Learning Hazardous Waste Management work project make money

Hazardous Waste Management Hazardous waste (HW) is defined as any substance, in solid, liquid or gaseous form, which has no use in future and which causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health and environment. The hazardous waste requires to be disposed of in a secured manner in view of their characteristic properties. When HWs are not used efficiently by the waste generators, they cause severe pollution of land, surface, and ground water. Components of Hazardous Waste Management Identification of hazardous waste generation by industries and other sources. Characterization of hazardous waste pertaining to physical, chemical, and general characteristics and properties pertaining to ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity and toxicity. Quantification of hazardous waste in order to facilitate safe disposal. Identification of sites for disposal. Environmental impact assessment should be conducted and public acceptance should be accepted for the sites. Hazardous waste management rules are notified to ensure safe handling, generation, processing, treatment, package, storage, transportation, use reprocessing, collection, conversion, and offering for sale, destruction, and disposal of hazardous waste. Proper treatment, storage prior to treatment or disposal of hazardous waste is the need of the hour. Governments should make provisions for and prepare guidelines for the industries and other hazardous waste generating sources for safe disposal or treatment of hazardous waste. Learning working make money

Learning Air,Water & Forest Acts work project make money

Air, Water & Forest Acts Environment constitutes air, water, land, or vegetation. To protect the environment means to take constructive measures to free these natural objects from pollutants. The measures are backed by the constitution and the chief law making forum in a country so as to ensure an expedited and assured implementation of the measures. An Act provides for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, water pollution, and forest degradation. For instance, a number of acts have been enacted to protect and improve air, water and forest in India. Acts Related to Air Pollution The Factories Act and Amendment, 1948 was the first to express concern for the working environment of the workers. The amendment of 1987 has sharpened its environmental focus and expanded its application to hazardous processes. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 provides for the control and abatement of air pollution. It entrusts the power of enforcing this act to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982 defines the procedures of the meetings of the Boards and the powers entrusted to them. The Atomic Energy Act, 1982 deals with radioactive waste. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 1987 empowers the central and state pollution control boards to meet with grave emergencies of air pollution. The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 states that all hazardous waste is to be properly packaged, labeled, and transported. Acts Related to Water Pollution The Indian Fisheries Act, 1897 establishes two sets of penal offences whereby the government can sue any person who uses dynamite or other explosive substance in any way (whether coastal or inland) with the intent to catch or destroy any fish, or poisonous fish in order to kill. The River Boards Act, 1956 enables the states to enroll the central government in setting up an Advisory River Board to resolve issues in inter-state cooperation. The Merchant Shipping Act, 1970 aims to deal with waste arising from ships along the coastal areas within a specified radius. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 establishes an institutional structure for preventing and abating water pollution. It establishes standards for water quality and effluent. Polluting industries must seek permission to discharge waste into effluent bodies. The CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) was constituted under this Act. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 provides for the levy and collection of cess or fees on water consuming industries and local authorities. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978 contains the standard definitions and indicates the kind of and location of meters that every consumer of water is required to affix. The Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Notification puts regulations on various activities, including construction. It gives some protection to the backwaters and estuaries. Acts Related to Forests The Indian Forest Act and Amendment, 1984 is one of the many surviving colonial statutes. It was enacted to ‘consolidate the law related to forest, the transit of forest produce, and the duty to be levied on timber and other forest produce’. The Wildlife Protection Act and Rules, 1973 and Amendment 1991 provides for the protection of birds and animals and for all matters that are connected to it, whether it be their habitat or the waterhole or the forests that sustain them. The Forest (Conservation) Act and Rules, 1981, provides for the protection of and the conservation of the forests. The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is an act to provide for the conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources and knowledge associated with it. Learning working make money

Learning Noise Pollution work project make money

Environmental Studies – Noise Pollution Noise pollution refers to any unwanted and unpleasant sound that brings discomfort and restlessness to human beings. Like air and water pollution, noise pollution is harmful to human and animal life. Noise pollution is also an important environmental hazard, which is becoming growingly injurious in many parts of the world. Noise beyond a particular level or decibel (unit of noise) tends to become a health and environmental hazard. Sources of Noise Pollution Household appliances such as grinders, electric motor, washing machines Social gatherings such as marriages and other social parties Places of worship Commercial activities Construction activities Industrial activities Automobiles and transport system Power generators Agricultural equipment Noise Pollution Control According to the World Health Organization (WHO), of all the environmental pollution, noise is the easiest to control. Noise pollution can be checked at home by − Turning off sound-making appliances when they are not in use. Shutting the door when noisy machines are being used. Lowering the volume of appliances such as television to a desirable level. Using earplugs while listening to music. At mass level it can be checked by − By planting trees in large number to create vegetation buffer zones, which absorb noise. Public awareness about the need of control of noise pollution. Application of engineering control techniques such as alteration and modification of design to reduce noise from equipment and machinery, and by construction of sound barriers or the use of sound absorbers in industrial and factory sites can reduce exposure to noise to a great extent. Construction of institutions and hospitals away from airports, railways, and highways. Improved building design may also reduce the impact of noise pollution. Stringent legislations at central and state levels to check air pollution at workplaces, urban centers, etc. Learning working make money

Learning Land Resources work project make money

Environmental Studies – Land Resources Land is a naturally occurring finite resource. It provides the base for survival of living beings. It holds everything that constitutes terrestrial ecosystems. Increased demand on land in modern times due to the rise in human population and resultant activities has resulted in degradation of land quality and quantity, decline in crop production, and competition for land. Land and Land Resources refer to a delineable area of the earth”s terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface, including those of the near-surface climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater and geo-hydrological reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water storage or drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.) Forest Resources Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed across the globe. Forests account for 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earth”s biosphere, and contains 80% of the Earth”s plant biomass. A forest constitutes many components that can be broadly divided into two categories that are biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. Forest is made up of many layers such as forest floor, understory, canopy, and emergent layer. Forests can be classified in various ways such as Boreal, Temperate, Tropical types with their numerous subtypes. Due to increasing population and consequential expansion of modern civilization, there has been continuous depletion of natural forests over the centuries. In 1990, the world had 4128 million ha of forest; by 2015 this area had decreased to 3999 million ha. This is a change from 31.6 percent of global land area in 1990 to 30.6 percent in 2015. Average per capita forest area declined from 0.8 ha to 0.6 ha per person from 1990 to 2015. Over the past 25 years, global carbon stocks in forest biomass have decreased by almost 11 gigatonnes (Gt). This reduction has been mainly driven by conversion to other land uses and to a lesser extent by forest degradation. Usefulness of Forest Resources Forest is an important natural resource. Forests are vital for the ecological balance and play an important role in temperature regulation in the atmosphere. Forests are natural and vast reservoir of food and shelter for animals. They provide natural habitats for numerous species of plants, animals and micro-organisms. Forests provide timber, bamboo, canes, leaves, grass, oil, resins, gums, shellac, tanning materials, dyes, hides, fur, fruits, nuts, roots, tubers and other useful things for human beings. Forests provide raw materials for forest-based industries. Forests are the natural home to medicinal herbs and plants. Forest directly or indirectly affects the climate (temperature, precipitation, moisture, underground water-table). Forests prevent floods and soil erosion, land degradation and improve the quality of air and water. Forests help in purifying air, water, and soil pollution. Learning working make money

Learning Conversation of Biodiversity work project make money

Conversation of Biodiversity Considering the degree of threat to biodiversity around the world and the vital importance of biodiversity for living beings of which mankind is a major part, there is an urgent need to conserve biodiversity in the world. Further, we should be concerned about saving biodiversity because of the benefits it provides us – biological resources and ecosystem services, and the social and aesthetic benefits. There are two main methods for the conservation of biodiversity. In-situ Conservation In-situ or on-site conservation refers to the conservation of species within their natural habitats. This is the most viable way of biodiversity conservation. It is the conservation of genetic resources through their maintenance within the environment in which they occur. Examples − National Parks, Wild Life sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Gene Sanctuaries Ex-situ Conservation Ex-situ conservation means the conservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats. In this method, threatened or endangered species of animals and plants are taken out of their natural habitat and placed in special settings where they can be protected and provided with natural growth. In ex-situ conservation methods, the plants and animals taken away from their habitats are taken care of in an artificially created environment. Examples − Captive Breeding, Gene Banks, Seed Banks, Zoos, Botanical gardens, Aquaria, In vitro fertilization, Cryopreservation, Tissue Culture. National Biodiversity Act National Biodiversity Act in India draws from the objectives of Convention of Biodiversity (CBD). It aims at conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use and equitable sharing of the benefits of such use. To achieve its objectives, it has put in place a three-tier institutional structure such as − National Biodiversity Authority based in Chennai State Biodiversity Board (SBBs) in every state Biodiversity Management Committee (BMCs) at Panchayat/Municipality levels The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) is the nodal agency. Main Provisions of the Act Prohibition on transfer of Indian genetic material outside the country without specific approval of the Indian Government. Prohibition of anyone claiming an IPR such as a patent over biodiversity or related knowledge without the permission of Indian Government. Regulation of collection and use of biodiversity by Indian national, while exempting local communities from such restrictions. Measures from sharing of benefits from the use of biodiversity including transfer of technology, monitory returns, joint research and development, joint IPR ownership, etc. Measures to conserve sustainable use of biological resources including habitat and species protection projects, integration of biodiversity into the plans and policies of the various departments and sectors. Provisions for local communities to have a say in the use of their resources and knowledge and to charge fees for this. Protection of indigenous or traditional laws such as registration of such knowledge. Regulation of the use of the genetically modified organisms. Setting up of national, state and local biodiversity funds to be used to support conservation and benefit sharing. Setting up of Biodiversity Management Committees (BMC) at local village levels. State Biodiversity Boards at state level and National Biodiversity Authority. Learning working make money

Learning Classification of Ecosystem work project make money

Classification of Ecosystem The ecosystems are classified into many types and are classified based on a number of factors. We will discuss major types of ecosystems and will try and understand on what basis these classifications are done. It is also essential to know the different factors which differentiate the ecosystems from one another. Ecosystems can generally be classified into two classes such as natural and artificial. Artificial ecosystems are natural regions affected by man’s interferences. They are artificial lakes, reservoirs, townships, and cities. Natural ecosystems are basically classified into two major types. They are aquatic ecosystem and terrestrial ecosystem. Types of Natural Ecosystem An ecosystem is a self-contained unit of living things and their non-living environment. The following chart shows the types of Natural Ecosystem − Biotic (Living Components) Biotic components in ecosystems include organisms such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. The biotic components of ecosystem comprise − Producers or Autotrophs Consumers or Heterotrophs Decomposers or Detritus Abiotic (Non-living Components) Abiotic components consist of climate or factors of climate such as temperature, light, humidity, precipitation, gases, wind, water, soil, salinity, substratum, mineral, topography, and habitat. The flow of energy and the cycling of water and nutrients are critical to each ecosystem on the earth. Non-living components set the stage for ecosystem operation. Aquatic Ecosystem An ecosystem which is located in a body of water is known as an aquatic ecosystem. The nature and characteristics of the communities of living or biotic organisms and non-living or abiotic factors which interact with and interrelate to one another are determined by the aquatic surroundings of their environment they are dependent upon. Aquatic ecosystem can be broadly classified into Marine Ecosystem and Freshwater Ecosystem. Marine Ecosystem These ecosystems are the biggest of all ecosystems as all oceans and their parts are included in them. They contain salt marshes, intertidal zones, estuaries, lagoons, mangroves, coral reefs, the deep sea, and the sea floor. Marine ecosystem has a unique flora and fauna, and supports a vast kingdom of species. These ecosystems are essential for the overall health of both marine and terrestrial environments. Salt marshes, seagrass meadows, and mangrove forests are among the most productive ecosystem. Coral reef provides food and shelter to the highest number of marine inhabitants in the world. Marine ecosystem has a large biodiversity. Freshwater Ecosystem Freshwater ecosystem includes lakes, rivers, streams, and ponds. Lakes are large bodies of freshwater surrounded by land. Plants and algae are important to freshwater ecosystem because they provide oxygen through photosynthesis and food for animals in this ecosystem. Estuaries house plant life with the unique adaptation of being able to survive in fresh and salty environments. Mangroves and pickle weed are examples of estuarine plants. Many animals live in freshwater ecosystem. Freshwater ecosystem is very important for people as they provide them water for drinking, energy and transportation, recreation, etc. Terrestrial Ecosystem Terrestrial ecosystems are those ecosystems that exist on land. Water may be present in a terrestrial ecosystem but these ecosystems are primarily situated on land. These ecosystems are of different types such as forest ecosystem, desert ecosystem, grassland and mountain ecosystems. Terrestrial ecosystems are distinguished from aquatic ecosystems by the lower availability of water and the consequent importance of water as a limiting factor. These are characterized by greater temperature fluctuations on both diurnal and seasonal basis, than in aquatic ecosystems in similar climates. Availability of light is greater in terrestrial ecosystems than in aquatic ecosystems because the atmosphere is more transparent on land than in water. Differences in temperature and light in terrestrial ecosystems reflect a completely different flora and fauna. Learning working make money

Learning Biodiversity work project make money

Environmental Studies – Biodiversity Biodiversity, a shortened form of Biological diversity, refers to the existence of number of different species of plants and animals in an environment. The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) of the United Nations gives a formal definition of biodiversity in its Article 2: “Biological diversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.” Biodiversity is also defined as the existence of variability among living organisms on the earth, including the variability within and between species, and within and between ecosystems. Species Diversity Species diversity refers to the variety of different species of plants, animals, fungi, and organisms that are present in a region. It is estimated that there are above 30 million species on the earth. Species diversity is a part of diversity. Even within a small pond, we can notice a great variety of species. Species diversity differs from ecosystem to ecosystem. For example, in a tropical ecosystem more diversity is found than in temperate ecosystem. The most diverse group of species is invertebrates – animals without backbones. At present, conservation scientists have been able to identify and categorize about 1.8 million species on earth. Many new species are being identified. Areas that are rich in species diversity are called ‘hotspots’ of diversity. Genetic Diversity It is the variation in genes that exists within a species. Genetic diversity corresponds to the variety of genes contained in plants, animals, fungi, and micro-organisms. It occurs within a species as well as between species. For example, poodles, German shepherds and golden retrievers are all dogs, but they all are different in look, color, and abilities. Each human being is different from all others. This genetic variability is essential for a health breeding of a population of species. The diversity in wild species make the ‘gene pool’ from which crops and domestic animals have been developed over thousands of years. Ecosystem Diversity It is the diversity of ecosystems, natural communities, and habitats. In other words, ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of ways that species interact with each other and their environment. Tropical or temperate forests, grasslands, hot and cold deserts, wetlands, rivers, mountains, and coral reefs are instances of ecosystem diversity. Each ecosystem corresponds to a series of complex relationships between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. Value & Productive Use of Biodiversity The importance of biodiversity is second to none. It boosts the ecosystem of productivity where each species, irrespective of their size, have an important role to play. Greater diversity in species ensure natural sustainability for all life forms. Hence, there is a need to preserve the diversity in life on the earth. According to the UN sources at least 40 percent of the world’s economy and 80 percent of the needs of the poor are derived from biological resources. In addition, the richer the diversity of life, the greater the opportunity for medical discoveries, economic development, and adaptive response to such new challenges as climate change. Significance of Biodiversity Environmental services from species and smooth running cycles of ecosystems are necessary at global, regional, and local levels. Biodiversity is essential for maintaining the water cycles, production of oxygen, reduction in carbon dioxide, protecting the soil, etc. It is also essential for preserving ecological processes, such as soil formation, circulation of and cleansing of air and water, global life support, fixing and recycling of nutrients, maintaining hydrological balance within ecosystems, maintaining rivers and streams throughout the year, etc. Biodiversity has many values such as consumptive use value, productive use value, social values, ethical and moral values. A healthy biodiversity offers many valuable services as follows. The more a region is rich in terms of biodiversity, better is the regulation of the different cycles. For example, forests regulate the amount of carbon dioxide in the air by releasing oxygen as a by-product during photosynthesis, and control rainfall and soil erosion. Protects water resources from being depleted, contaminated, or polluted. Helps in soil formation and protection. Helps in nutrient storage and recycling. Helps check pollution. Contributes to climate stability. Helps an ecosystem in recovery from unpredictable events. Provides biological resources such as food, medicinal resources, and pharmaceutical drugs, wood products, ornamental plants, breeding stocks, etc. Provides recreation and tourism facilities. Helps in research, education, and monitoring. Preservation of biological resources is essential for the well-being and long-term survival of mankind. Productive Use Value of Biodiversity Productive Use Value refers to the commercial value of products that are commercially harvested for exchange in formal markets. Modern civilization is invariably a gift of biodiversity. The food we eat, the medicine we take in, the furniture we use, the industries, for example, are derivatives of biological diversity. The agricultural crops of the present day have originated from wild varieties. Biotechnologists use the wild plants for developing new, high-yielding, and pest or diseaseresistant varieties. Biodiversity is home to original stock from which new varieties are being developed. Similarly, all our domesticated animals came from their wild-living ancestral species. With the help of scientific breeding techniques, animals giving better yield of milk, meat, etc. are being developed. The animal products used by modern society come from the advances made in the fields of poultry farming, pisciculture, silviculture, dairy farming, etc. Fossil fuels, considered to be pivotal in modern society, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas are gifts of biodiversity from the geological past. Most of the pharmaceutical drugs and medicines used in the present time are extracted from different plants. Biodiversity provides rich storehouse for industrialists and entrepreneurs to develop new products. It provides agricultural scientists and biotechnologists with ample scope for developing new and better crops. New crop varieties are being developed using the genetic material found in wild relatives of crop plants though biotechnology. The need of the hour is the preservation of biodiversity for industrial, economic, and above all,

Learning Functions Of Ecosystem work project make money

Functions of Ecosystem The functional attributes of the ecosystem keep the components running together. Ecosystem functions are natural processes or exchange of energy that take place in various plant and animal communities of different biomes of the world. For instance, green leaves prepare food and roots absorb nutrients from the soil, herbivores feed on the leaves and the roots and in turn serve as food for the carnivores. Decomposers execute the functions of breaking down complex organic materials into simple inorganic products, which are used by the producers. Fundamentally, ecosystem functions are exchange of energy and nutrients in the food chain. These exchanges sustain plant and animal life on the planet as well as the decomposition of organic matter and the production of biomass. All these functions of the ecosystem take place through delicately balanced and controlled processes. Food Chain The order of living organisms in a community in which one organism consumes other and is itself consumed by another organism to transfer energy is called a food chain. Food chain is also defined as “a chain of organisms, existing in any natural community, through which energy is transferred”. Every living being irrespective of their size and habitat, from the tiniest algae to giant blue whales, need food to survive. Food chain is structured differently for different species in different ecosystems. Each food chain is the vital pathway for energy and nutrients to follow through the ecosystem. Food chains were first introduced by the African-Arab scientist and philosopher Al-Jahiz in the 9th century and later popularized in a book published in 1927 by Charles Elton. A food chain starts with a producer such as plants. Producers form the basis of the food chains. Then there are consumers of many orders. Consumers are organisms that eat other organisms. All organisms in a food chain, except the first organism, are consumers. Plants are called producers because they produce their own food through photosynthesis. Animals are called consumers because they depend on plants or other animals for food to get energy they need. In a certain food chain, each organism gets energy from the one at the level below. In a food chain, there is reliable energy transfer through each stage. All the energy at one stage of the chain is not absorbed by the organism at the next stage. Trophic Levels in a Food Chain Trophic levels are different stages of feeding position in a food chain such as primary producers and consumers of different types. Organisms in a food chain are categorized under different groups called trophic levels. They are as follows. Producers (First Trophic Level) − Producers otherwise called autotrophs prepare their food by themselves. They form the first level of every food chain. Plants and one-celled organisms, some types of bacteria, algae, etc. come under the category of Autotrophs. Virtually, almost all autotrophs use a process called photosynthesis to prepare food. Consumers − At the second trophic level, there are consumers who depend upon others for food. Primary Consumers (Second Trophic Level) − Primary consumers eat the producers. They are called herbivores. Deer, turtle, and many types of birds are herbivores. Secondary Consumers (Third Trophic Level) − Secondary consumers based at the third trophic level eat plants and herbivores. They are both carnivores (meateaters) and omnivores (animals that eat both animals and plants). In a desert ecosystem, a secondary consumer may be a snake that eats a mouse. Secondary consumers may eat animals bigger than they are. Some lions, for example, kill and eat buffalo. The buffalo weighs twice as much as the lions do. Tertiary Consumers (Fourth Trophic Level) − Tertiary consumers are animals eating other carnivores. The secretary bird in Africa and the King Cobra specialize in killing and eating snakes but all snakes are carnivores. The leopard seal eats mostly other carnivores – mainly other seals, squids, and penguins, all of which are carnivores. Decomposers − Decomposers which don’t always appear in the pictorial presentation of the food chain, play an important part in completing the food chain. These organisms break down dead organic material and wastes. Fungi and bacteria are the key decomposers in many ecosystems; they use the chemical energy in dead matter and wastes to fuel their metabolic processes. Other decomposers are detritivores—detritus eaters or debris eaters. Understanding the food chain helps us know the feeding interrelationship and interaction between an organism and the ecosystem. It also enables us to know the mechanism of energy flow in an ecosystem. Food Web The word ‘web’ means network. Food web can be defined as ‘a network of interconnected food chains so as to form a number of feeding relationships amongst different organism of a biotic community. A food chain cannot stand isolated in an ecosystem. The same food resource may be a part of more than one chain. This is possible when the resource is at the lower tropic level. A food web comprises all the food chains in a single ecosystem. It is essential to know that each living thing in an ecosystem is a part of multiple food chains. A single food chain is the single possible path that energy and nutrients may make while passing through the ecosystem. All the interconnected and overlapping food chains in an ecosystem make up a food web. Food webs are significant tools in understanding that plants are the foundation of all ecosystem and food chains, sustaining life by providing nourishment and oxygen needed for survival and reproduction. The food web provides stability to the ecosystem. The tertiary consumers are eaten by quaternary consumers. For example, a hawk that eats owls. Each food chain ends with a top predator and animal with no natural enemies (such as an alligator, hawk, or polar bear). Learning working make money