Category: electrical Safety

Electrical Safety – Quick Guide Electrical Safety – Power System The power system consists of a three-stage network – generation, distribution, and transmission. The power system is responsible for the production of electricity with the help of energy such as coal and diesel. All the devices connected to the system such as a motor, circuit breaker, transformer, etc., fall under the umbrella of a power system. Components of a Power System There are six main components of a power system. Let us see what the components are − The Power Plant The place where power is generated and set for transmitted with the help of a transformer. Transformer Transmit electrical energy from one circuit to another. Transmission Line The power passes through the transmission line towards the substations. Substation Power is transferred to the distribution line through a medium. Distribution Line It comprises of low and medium level power lines that connect to the distribution transformer. Distribution Transformer From the distribution line, the electricity is distributed to consumers as per an appropriate value. Causes of Hazards Electrical hazards are recorded in thousands of number per year, which includes more than 30 fatality cases. Therefore, it is essential to stay away from electrical hazards. Several factors lead to electricity hazards. The factors are described below in brief − Faulty wiring Exposure to loose, frayed and naked wires possess a severe health risk. It is the responsibility of the worker to report cases for damage or faulty cable to the authority as soon as possible. The best way to avoid risk is to inform everyone about it and never try to deal if one is not legally authorized. Improper usage of equipment Practicing a safety approach for using electrical equipment is imperative. If a worker is not permitted and trained to use a particular electrical device, then he/she should avoid using it. Sometimes live equipment can seem dead and can cause a severe fatality. A worker should also avoid using electrical tools when on a suspended platform unless he/she is entitled to it. Overused outlets All electrical outlets have thresholds. After usage, an outlet starts to fray and poses a risk. When overused, an outlet begins to overheat or generates less power than usual. If a worker experiences an overheating or sparks from an outlet, then he/she must inform the authority rather than dealing with it him/herself. Exposure to liquid Water and all other liquids are a good conductor of electricity. Therefore, all workers should always try to keep their electrical equipment away from any liquid. Also, while using electric equipment, all workers must pat their hands dry to avoid any shock or burn. Need for safety Electrical hazards are something that should be taken seriously in a workplace. Every organization has to conduct an electrical safety programme for all their workers. Apart from informing them about the hazards, the workers should also take a safety workshop. Many workers in a workplace do not pay much heed towards electricity hazards. Some think that electrical related incidents are a part of life and some even believe that accidents can never happen to them. What makes it worse is that, some workers think that health risk is a part of their job and it cannot be avoided. Such type of careless attitude among employees results in more work-related injuries. To bring effective changes in worker’s perspective, a safety program is of paramount importance. Electrical Safety – Indian Standards In the field of electrical engineering, engineers and other professionals get exposed to electricity indirectly during generation, transportation, installation and usage. Such conditions might cause hazards if accurate safety measures are not taken. To promote the safety and the right usage of equipment, there are certain rules and regulations formulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). BIS follows the following five principles − Safety Ease of use and adaptability Simple technology Value for money products Energy efficiency and environment BIS has published the following code of practice for public safety standards in order to promote the right to information, transparency and accountability in a proper manner to the public. Code of Practice for Electrical Wiring Installation IS − 732 (1989) Section − Electrical Installation Application − Design of installation, selection and erection of equipment, inspection and testing of wiring system Code of practice for Earthing IS − 3043 (1987) Section − Electrical Installation Application − Design, installation and calculation of Earthing system Lightning arrester for Alternating Current System IS − 3070 (1993) Section − Electro technical: Surge Arresters Application − Identification, ratings, classification and testing procedure of Arrester Let us now consider other important codes of practice established by BIS for the purpose of electrification. The codes are listed in the table below − General Requirements Sr. No. Standards & Application 1 IS:900 Installation and maintenance of Induction motors 2 IS:1271 Classification of insulating materials for electrical machinery 3 IS:1646 Fire safety of buildings (general) electrical installation 4 IS:1882 Outdoor installation of Public Address System (PAS) 5 IS:1886 Installation and maintenance of Transformers 6 IS:1913 General and safety requirements of electric lighting fittings 7 IS:2032 Graphical symbols related to electrical technology 8 IS:2274 Electrical wiring installations where system voltage is more than 658 volts 9 IS:3034 Fire safety of industrial buildings (Electrical generation and distribution stations) 10 IS:3072 (part-1) Installation and maintenance of switchgear where system voltage is less than 1000 volts 11 IS:3106 Selection, installation and maintenance of fuse where system voltage is less than 650 volts 12 IS:3638 Guide for gas operated relays 13 IS:3646 Practice for interior illumination 14 IS:3716 Guide for insulation coordination 15 IS:3842 Guide for electrical relays for AC system 16 IS:4004 Guide for lightening arrestors (non-linear ) for AC system 17 IS:4146 Guide for voltage transformers 18 IS:4201 Guide for current transformers 19 IS:5571 Selection of electrical equipment in hazardous area 20 IS:5572 Types of hazardous areas for electrical installations 21 IS:5780 Intrinsically safe electrical apparatus and circuit 22 IS:5908 Measurement of electrical installations in buildings Switchgear

Electrical Safety – Crane Handling Safety The loads can be raised, lowered or moved with the help of the crane and its foundations. It is a risky task for an operator. If there is any type of failure such as structural failure, overturning, collapse, loose contacts or falling objects, it can harm the load, other equipment and workers. To eliminate the hazards the OSHA standards describes the procedure for safe load handling with cranes. It also covers the equipment safety and the responsibilities of a crane operator for safe crane operation. Before handling the load, the crane system is required to check minutely. Pre-Use Safety Checking It is always recommended to go for precautions to ward off hazards. The inspection ensures crane safety by testing it vividly. The workspace should be a wide area and a registered crane is used to handle the material. The operator should be well qualified, certified and licensed to use cranes. The workplace factors like ground bearing capacity, wet or windy climate are considered for the safety of crane. The installation and commissioning activities must be supervised by an expert. The components must be assembled in the correct sequence including a limit switch, load indicator, sling connection, ropes, and other attachments. If there is any defective system present then replace it immediately. Check the crane for oil leakage, vibration or sound. Be familiar with the control device. Check the indicators such as load indicator, workspace limiter, anti-collision device and crane motion indicator. Check the hook block and make sure that it is good in working condition Check the wire rope for any deformation like a broken wire, strand distortion, kinks, excessive wear, bird caging, crushing, rusty and stretching. Make sure that the sling angle is always greater than 45ᵒ Operational Safety The operator must consider the following safety problems and avoid accidents while working with crane and hoist. Sr.No. Description Examples 1 There are no new hazards on the operating environment. 2 Assumptions and doubts lead to accidents. 3 Crane must take the load from the center not from the side. Avoid swinging of the load 4 Don’t lift the load over people 5 Don’t pull the hoist rope or chain as a sling 6 Don’t try to be a multi-tasker 7 Ensure the load is connected properly and communicate clearly with other team members 8 Ensure the clearance between cranes and fixed objects. A≥ 750mm and B≥ 600mm 9 Don’t leave suspended load unattended Emergency Safety The emergency plans should be prepared at the time of installation for each workplace where the crane will operate. There should be an emergency entry and exit facility from a crane. The emergency plan should be tested for its effective response and the same must be notified to the emergency services. The emergency procedure training must be provided to the workers. Medical facility should be available near the operating area. The evacuation location signs should place at a point where the workers can see everything at the workplace. Questions 1. How much is the sling angle for safety purpose? a) less than 45ᵒ b) more than 45ᵒ c) less than 60ᵒ d) more than 60ᵒ Ans: b Explanation If the sling angle is greater than 45ᵒ, then the load will be lifted properly parallel to the horizontal surface. If the angle differs, then the load will be tilted and may cause hazards. 2. How much is the safety clearance between the crane and load? a) ≥ 750mm b) ≤ 750mm c) = 750mm d) None of these Ans: a Explanation For safety purpose, the calculated clearance between crane and load is more than 750mm. 3. What will happen when the crane lifts the load from a side? a) the load will be tilted b) load swings c) the load may fall down d) All of the above Ans: d Explanation If the crane lifts a load from one side, then the load will tilt, swing or fall down. This can lead to hazards. So it is recommended to lift the load at its centre. Learning working make money

Electrical Safety – Generator Handling Safety Standby generators are required to combat power outages. These are convenient and easy to use but can be hazardous to life and property. It is important to follow proper standards, procedures and adequate precautions during installation, operation and maintenance of the power generators. It is recommended to create a safe working environment by consulting the manufacturer, reading manuals and following guidelines. Safety practices not only ward off hazards but also increase quality and service life of the equipment. Safety Precautions during Installation and Maintenance The safety of generators depends on several sections starting from the selection to maintenance. Any mistake might lead to a serious hazard. Selection of a Generator The selection depends on the number of apparatus that need to be energized in case of power failure. According to the demanded constant wattage and surge rating, the generator is selected. Installation Process Authorized, qualified and certified technicians and engineers who have the knowledge of generators, safety codes and standards must be employed. The installation process must satisfy NFPA 110 information on ‘Standards for Emergency and Standby Power System’. Operation In operational condition, the generator exhausts fumes (poisonous gas like Carbon monoxide) need to be ventilated properly. The area should be free from any combustible material. Maintenance Regular inspection and periodic maintenance of generator parts, cables’ connection and batteries are required. The air intake system, fuel system, exhaust system, electrical systems and control system need to be checked within a schedule. If any damage is detected, replace it immediately. Inspection of Generator for Safety Routine inspection can reduce the occurrence of hazards. For diesel generators, the exhaust, fuel, engine and DC electrical system are required to be monitored closely. Lubrication Service − The oil level and quality must be checked using a dipstick at regular intervals. Cooling System − The level of coolant is checked. The radiator is cleaned without damaging the fins. Fuel System − Up store the fuel before it degrades. Testing and polishing are also major requirements. The air cooler pipe and hoses should be checked for leaks, holes, cracks, dirt and debris. Testing Batteries − Battery testing and cleaning are necessary to deliver adequate starting power. The terminals are washed with the solution of baking soda and water and coated with petroleum jelly. The specific gravity and level of electrolyte are checked. If the hydrometer reads below 1.215 then charge the battery. If the electrolyte level is low, then fill the filler neck with distilled water. Engine Exercise − The engine exercise should be done at least once in a month for 30 minutes from loading to a no-load condition. The engine should be clean all the time. Exhaust System − All the connection points, welds and gaskets are recommended to be checked properly for any leaks and should be repaired immediately. Questions 1. Which standards must be followed for the installation of the generator? a) NFPA 70 b) NFPA 85 c) NFPA 110 d) NFPA 100 Ans: c Explanation NFPA 110 describes the ‘Standards for emergency and standby power system’, which includes the installation process of the generator. 2. Which gas is exhausted by the generator in running condition? a) Nitrogen b) Oxygen c) Carbon monoxide d) All of the above Ans: c Explanation In operational condition, the generator exhausts poisonous gas like Carbon Monoxide. 3. At which point of electrolyte specific gravity, the battery needs to recharge? a) less than 1.215 b) more than 1.215 c) equal to 1.215 d) None of these Ans: a Explanation The battery is required to charge again, when the specific gravity of electrolyte is less than 1.215. This is measured by a hydrometer. Learning working make money

Measures During Preventive Maintenance If the plant and its accessories are not inspected and maintained regularly, they eventually become unsafe for workers working with or around them. Machines may breakdown causing loss of business. Therefore, to curb such mishaps, a periodic maintenance coupled with safety check is essential. Now, gaining the knowledge on periodic maintenance is not sufficient, it is also important to know the safety measures that one should follow while carrying out preventive maintenance at the site. Safety Measures for Preventive Maintenance Let us now see the different safety measures for preventive maintenance. Wear accessories No safety inspection and maintenance should be carried out without any protective equipment. For example, gloves, masks, eye guards, boots, jackets, etc. Circulate work permit If you are going to do an offline maintenance of a crane, issue a work permit and circulate the message amongst the workers beforehand. Otherwise, due to lack of knowledge, the person working on the equipment may encounter a risk. Conduct risk assessment Before proceeding with the maintenance activities, a risk assessment must be done and all workers must be involved in this one. It will help workers to gain better understanding about the process and will enable them to conduct their own additional assessment of the risks involved. Effective and continuous communication Most of the times, it is the half-broken information chain that causes mishaps during preventive maintenance. As discussed earlier, every employee of the company should be informed about the going-to-be preventive maintenance at least 3 days in advance. In addition, the safety officer must consider letting the workers inform about the same on the day of maintenance as well. Consider the tools Preventive maintenance is subjected to test a machine to its maximum capacity. Therefore, it should not be compromised just because you fall short of the right tool. Collect the necessary tools, wires, testers and other equipment required to run the test without exposing yourself to high voltage and current. Always have someone to watch your back It is always a good practice to carry out the preventive maintenance work in a group of two or three. When you work as an individual, the risk factor goes up. However, when you have someone to watch your back, the risk factor tends to be low. Learning working make money

Safe Electrical Equipment Design Characteristics We will now learn the design characteristics of safe electrical equipment. Let us being by understanding what is examination of equipment. Examination of Equipment It is important to examine electrical equipment, which may cause serious physical hazards. It ensures that the equipment is free from recognized hazards. Consider the following important points for the safety of equipment. Suitability of equipment is identified according to the labeling and specification Mechanical strength and durability Electrical insulation Heating effect under the condition of the area Arcing effect Practical safeguarding of employees Use of Electrical Equipment The electrical equipment should be installed in accordance with the given instructions including the type, size, voltage, current capacity and specific use. The devices must indicate the purpose only after it is reviewed and the arrangement has been made for it to fulfill the purpose. Even a small device has its own importance. For example, disconnection of a switch enables a circuit to be opened and stops the flow of electricity. The equipment must withstand weather, chemicals, heat, corrosion or any hazardous environment. Working with Electrical Equipment It is very important for a person working with electrical equipment to be qualified to work on the equipment. Working on live parts always creates hazards without using the personal protective equipment. Clean the cutting material on the floor after the work. There must be a storage room to keep the equipment safely. The workspace must be wide and well ventilated. An electrician must follow the standards of NEC, NBC, NFPA, and IEC, etc. Safety Requirement for Electrical Equipment Verification and testing will guarantee the safety and quality of the equipment. Confirmation of equipment in accordance with the product standards is the prime importance of an installation. The grounding of equipment is necessary to divert the fault current, which will be permanent and continuous. High temperature may lose the continuity of ground-fault path. So Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter must be used to prevent injury from electrical wiring. It would provide an extra protection to the device. The breaking of insulation of cable occurs simply by aging. This may lead to shocks, burns and fire. So periodic maintenance of electrical equipment is required. The maintenance predicts and prevents the damage. The equipment needs to be protected from lightning by installing the surge protection system. The best process of protection is “automatic disconnection of supply” which can be provided by the implementation of system earthing. An electrician should have sufficient knowledge about the standardized system (TT, TN and IT system). Protection against overload, short circuits and earth leakage current can also protect the device from damage. Each item must be well insulated and packaged. Standards for Designing Electrical Equipment There are some internal standards that need to be followed while designing the electrical equipment. The standards are as follows − International Electro-technical Commission (Europe) Institute of Petroleum (UK) International Standards Organization (worldwide) British Standards Institution (UK) American Petroleum Institute (USA) Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association (UK) Electricity Council (UK) Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering (USA) Questions 1. Which of the following is not a fact for the safety of equipment? a) Mechanical strength and durability b) Electrical insulation c) Color of equipment d) Heating effect under the condition of the area Ans: c Explanation To examine the safety equipment, mechanical strength, durability, electrical insulation and heating effect under the condition of the area are a few points that need to be considered. However, it does not depend on the color of the equipment. 2. Which device prevents injury from electrical wiring? a) MCB b) ACB c) Switch d) GFCI Ans: d Explanation The Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter senses the fault and temporarily breaks down the circuit within few milliseconds. This prevents injury from electrical wiring. 3. Which organization’s standard does every manufacturer follow to design electrical equipment? a) IEC b) ISO c) IEEE d) All of the above Ans: d Explanation A manufacturer must focus on the specification, type, safety, testing, application and quality of equipment. Therefore, the manufacturer must choose the standards of International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), International Standards Organization (ISO) and Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering (IEEE) to design electrical equipment. Learning working make money

Electrical Safety Tutorial Job Search In the field of electrical engineering, engineers and other professionals are exposed to electricity indirectly during generation, transportation, installation and usage. Such conditions might cause hazards if accurate safety measures are not taken. This tutorial will help you understand measures that can be taken for electrical safety. Audience This tutorial has been prepared for electrical engineers and people aspiring to make electrical engineering their profession. Prerequisites We assume that you have preliminary level of knowledge on operation of basic electrical devices and machines. Learning working make money

Electrical Safety – Motor Handling Safety Majority of unintentional injuries today are caused by motor accidents. Equipment users in a high-energy environment suffer from severe hazards, when no effective precautions are adhered to. Given the multitude of the risks involved, it is important for users to apply and follow safety practices. There are various factors that lead to such accidents – alcohol influence, inexperienced drivers, absence of seatbelts or the disturbance caused by toddlers. These factors need to be addressed separately. Averting motor injuries would mean taking safety measures for different types of vehicles. Safety for single phase motors Single-phase motors include all those devices the output power of which is approximately 1 Horse Power (1HP). A single-phase motor is widely used for domestic applications such as washing machines, electric toys, fans, blowers among other devices. In order to ensure the safety of these devices, it is important to take the following precautions − Constant troubleshooting to establish whether the features in the single face motors devices are working properly. Conduct a proper inspection of the motor winding. Perform a power supply test to determine whether there is any problem by the motor. Do not leave a short-circuited battery for long because it would eventually explode. Do not power the motors beyond 12 volts. Safety for 2 phase motors Before you start working on 2-phase motors, ensure you observe all the basic guidelines for safety. The lack of adhering to safety precautions often result in injuries like shock, fire or personal injuries. Some of the safety precautions include the following − Persons not having the knowledge of operation should not be allowed to the working areas where 2-phase motors are operating. Always remember to wear goggles to ensure safety of your eyes. Never leave a motor to operate unattended. Safety for 3 phase motors Three-phase motors comprise of heavy industrial machines. The machines require high voltage to operate them, hence extreme measures ought to be taken to prevent accidental injuries that may be hazardous in nature. Before you operate on these machines, ensure you wear safety gears such as gloves, boots and ear masks to safeguard yourself against harmful effects. Taking safety measures while operating motors is an important aspect since it ensures the safety of the person working on it. Therefore, extreme care has to be taken by the safety officer. Motor users should wear all necessary safety equipment required for preventing any fault. Adhering to these measures helps in detecting abnormalities. Learning working make money

Classification of Hazard-Prone Areas The electrical apparatus may produce heat, arc and spark during normal and abnormal condition. This increases the risk of fire and explosion in the presence of flammable, combustible, ignitable gases, vapors, liquids, dust or fibres. A few locations have also been considered hazardous. As per NFPA 497 and NEC Article 500 and 501, the hazardous areas are classified into different categories. Let us learn about the different categories in our subsequent sections − Class I Location This location contains flammable gases, vapours or liquids, which create fire or explosion hazards. The practice for the classification of class I hazardous NFPA 497 (reference 2) provides locations. Division 1 The ignitable concentrations of flammable gases, flammable liquid produced vapors or combustible liquid produced vapors exist in this location under normal operating conditions. Division 2 The ignitable concentrations of flammable gases, flammable liquid produced vapors or combustible liquid produced vapors exist in this location under abnormal operating conditions. Group Designation There are four groups based on their physical properties − Group A − Acetylene Group B − Hydrogen Group C − Carbon Monoxide Group D − Gasoline Class II Location The fire or explosion hazards exist due to combustible dust in Class II location. NFPA 499 specifies electrical/electronic equipment for safe and proper installation in Class II location. Division 1 The combustible dust is present in the air under a normal operating condition, which is sufficient to produce explosive mixtures. These are moderate to dense dust cloud, which form dust layer greater than 3.0mm. Division 2 The combustible dust is present in the air under an abnormal operating condition, which is sufficient to produce an explosive mixture. These are not visible dust cloud, which form dust layer less than 3.0mm. Group Designation The combustible dust is grouped into three types based on their physical properties. Group E − Titanium Group F − Carbon Black Group G − Nylon Polymer Class III Location The fire or explosion hazards exist due to ignitable fibres in this location. After the classification of hazardous area, the explosive atmospheres are divided into zones based on the frequency and persistence of the potentially explosive atmosphere. For gas, vapor and mist – Zone 0 This explosive atmosphere consists of a mixture with air of dangerous substances in the form of gas, vapor or mist continuously or for long periods or at intervals. Zone 1 A mixture with air of dangerous substances in the form of gas, vapor or mist is present occasionally in normal operation in this categorized atmosphere. Zone 2 The mixture of dangerous substances is present in the form of gas, vapor or mist and persists for a short period only. For dust – Zone 20 This atmosphere consists of explosive materials in the form of a cloud of combustible dust in the air continuously, or for long periods or at intervals. Zone 21 There is explosive combustible dust in the form of a cloud in the air in normal operation occasionally. Zone 22 Explosive combustible dust is present in the form of a cloud in the air and persists for a short period. Characteristics of hazard-prone areas Let us now see the characteristics of hazard-prone areas. The characteristics are as follows − Properties of dangerous substances It includes the boiling point and flash point of any flammable liquid, gas or vapors, which may be lighter or heavier than air. Size of potential release This is the consequence of wrong circumstances where rapid rescue is dangerous. For example, LPG cylinder or cartridge. Temperature and pressure When some substances do not form explosion without any heat and pressure. Ventilation Proper ventilation can prevent the fire and explosion. Choice of electrical apparatus for use The equipment is constructed as per the standards to be prevented from being a source of ignition. These are categorized as 1, 2 and 3 depending on the level of the zone according to the suitability of application. The mechanical equipment is not certified for use in the hazardous area. If the categorized equipment is not available, then lower category can be used combining with other protective measures. Category 1 − Zone 0 & Zone 1 or Zone 2 Category 2 − Zone 1 or zone 2 Category 3 − Only Zone 2 Questions 1. Which flammable materials exist in location III? a) Ignitable fibres or flyings b) combustible dust c) flammable liquid d) All of the above Ans: a The place where combustible dust in the form of a cloud in the air is present in normal operation is known as______. a) Zone 0 b) Zone 21 c) Zone 2 d) Zone 22 Ans: b 3. Which one is not characteristics of the explosive atmosphere are? a) Size of potential release − b) Ventilation − c) Population d) Temperature and pressure − Ans: c Learning working make money

Electrical Safety – Secondary Ex-Protection If electrical equipment has been kept under protection against explosion, then it does not necessarily mean that it would be a totally sealed or encapsulated unit. Types of Protection Techniques There are seven known types of protection techniques. Let us take a look at the different techniques − Type M or Type h (Hermetically sealed) This is a design where the equipment is kept under a complete sealed environment. The parts that can possibly ignite gas or vapour by being exposed to atmosphere are hermetically sealed with resin. It is suitable for Zone 0, 1 and 2 areas. Usually, small compressors, miniature motors and small lamps get this kind of protection scheme. Type q (Sand Filled or Powder filled) Here, an enclosure is filled with quartz sand of 1.6mm size having weight of 0.1% of water. The electrical equipment is placed inside of it. When any arc generates inside because of any ignition, it gets absorbed by the sand itself. It is mainly used for Fuse banks and Capacitors. It is suitable for Zone 1 and 2. Type O (Oil Immersion) It is similar to type q with very little difference; here sand is replaced by mineral oil. The enclosure shows high and low oil level on its body. It is used for circuit breakers, transformers and switching units. Zone 2 areas go through similar safety procedure. Type P (Pressurized Apparatus) In this case, the enclosure gets pressurized with a gas that is more in value than the atmosphere pressure. By so, the equipment present inside remains safe from outside gas and vapour. The process is called purged gas technique. It is used for Zone 1 and 2 areas. Type I (Intrinsically Safe) Unlike the above ones, it is not an enclosure; rather, it is a circuitry design. The concept is to limit the current and voltage input within the ignition energy required to ignite the inflammable gases/vapours or air mixtures under normal or anticipated fault condition. It is used for Zone 0, 1 and 2 areas. Type e (Increased Safety Design) This safety scheme is solely for Zone 2 areas. Here, the enclosure designed is usually of cast metal or Mould Polypropylene or fabricated sheet metal. The size of the enclosure is decided in such a way that the surface temperature can be limited within the planned temperature class. Type d (Flameproof or Explosion proof design) It is a very popular technique. Zone 1 areas usually go through such safety scheme. Here, the equipment to be protected is kept inside a cast metal of CI or LM-6 type. Sometimes, a moulded reinforced polypropylene GRP enclosure is also used. Precautions are taken to avoid the occurrence of explosions. Even if it occurs, it will get extinguished by moving inside. Learning working make money

Electrical Safety – Duties and Obligations We will now learn the duties and obligations of various stakeholders related to the use of electrical equipment. Supplier Obligations The relationship between a supplier and a customer is a contractual relationship. However, the supplier must abide by a few moral duties to ensure customer satisfaction. Reliability The functions of a product should meet the consumer’s expectation. Service life The consumer’s mind has calculated the life of a device. Therefore, the product needs to perform efficiently during the expected time. Maintainability The product must be repaired or replaced during or after a specific duration. Product Safety It is a degree of risk related to the product that the product must be safe in normal condition. Replacement If a product does not meet the expected specification or if it is a faulty item, provisions for its replacement should be made. Specification The type, nature, components of product and the hazards related to the product must be specified clearly. Technical Assistant A technical assistant should visit the location to repair, maintain and provide a good after sales service. Documents The terms and conditions document including invoice, guarantee, warranty certificates, test reports and installation guide must be provided. Moral Duties of Manufacturer Consider the following points related to the moral duties of a manufacturer − Duty must comply with the claims of reliability, service life, maintainability and safety Duty of disclosure Not to misrepresent and coerce Due-care Theory It is a known fact that a manufacturer enjoys an advantageous position than a consumer. So, it is the responsibility of the manufacturer to take special care of the consumer”s trust and interest. This theory is known as the due-care theory. According to this theory, a supplier is responsible in the following areas; Design Production Information Commercial Advertising Advertisement plays a vital role to establish relations between producers and customers. The perks of advertising are − It attracts the audience Creates the intention to buy in a customer Creates the desire for the product Leads the customer to buy the product Duties and obligations of a plant owner Let us now see the duties and obligations of a plant owner. A plant owner needs to look into the following − Project Management The project of a plant commission goes through the following steps − Mechanical work completion − Installation of piping, equipment, integrity, inspection, cold alignment, point-to-point continuity checks and preservation Pre-commissioning − Cleaning, testing, air and steam blowing, flushing, passivation, system energizing and instrument verification Commissioning − Operational testing, loading, running the equipment, electrical function testing, and safety testing Acceptance of test run − A small unit operates for 12 hours continuously Human Resource Management − After all the paper works and successful commissioning, the owner has a responsibility towards its employee. Managing engineers, technicians and operators is necessary for a successful start-up. Plant Operation A successful plant commission consists of four parts out of which if one fails, the plant would not be considered a successful one. No lost time accidents − The safety factor bothers every beginner. So, there is more stress on design, construction and commission. No equipment damage − This function is all about discipline in each section of the design, construction, operation and commissioning team. On test product: The testing team should take a reasonable period to complete the testing of the product. Less than two days − Very good Seven days − Acceptable Above fourteen days − Less than Acceptable No environment incident − The successful making of a test product within a specific period defines this function and ensures no environmental hazards. Healthy and Safety Environment As the other plans include the inherent risk, a Health Safety and Environment Management Plan should be planned properly for the project. Therefore, the following procedures should be followed for each location of work. Identification of system Pre Start-up Safety Reviews (PSSR) Permission to Work System Identification of Hazards and Risk Management Simultaneous Operations (SIMOPS) Questions 1. What is the acceptable duration for testing a product? a) More than seven days b) Less than seven days c) More than fourteen days d) Less than fourteen days Ans: b Explanation The testing engineer should specify the time taken for the product testing. Less than two days is considered very good Seven days is acceptable Above fourteen days is less than acceptable 2. Which section the Due-care theory does not emphasize on? a) Testing b) Design c) Production d) Information Ans: a Explanation According to the Due-care theory, a supplier has the responsibility in the areas of Design, Production, and Information. 3. Which one of the following is not a component of the HSE management system? a) Identification of system b) Pre Start-up Safety Reviews (PSSR) c) Pre-commissioning to work system d) Permission to Work System Ans: c Explanation The components of Health Safety and Environment Management System are Identification of system Pre Start-up Safety Reviews (PSSR) Permission to Work System Identification of Hazards and Risk Management and Simultaneous Operations (SIMOPS) Learning working make money