Discuss Elm ”; Previous Next Elm is a pure functional programming language that compiles to JavaScript. It simplifies the language as well as an application framework. Elm is designed specifically for web frontend with the unique feature of no Runtime exceptions. This tutorial adopts a simple and practical approach to describe the concepts of Elm programming. Print Page Previous Next Advertisements ”;
Elm – Error Handling ”; Previous Next An error is any unexpected condition in a program. Errors can occur at either compile-time or runtime. Compile time errors occur during the compilation of a program (For example, error in the program”s syntax) while runtime errors occur during the program”s execution. Unlike other programming languages, Elm does not throw runtime errors. Consider an application that accepts the age of a user. The application should throw an error if the age is zero or negative. In this case, the Elm application can use the concept of error handling to explicitly raise an error at runtime if the user enters zero or a negative value as age. Error handling specifies the course of action if anything unexpected happens during the program”s execution. Elm programming language handles errors in the following ways − MayBe Result MayBe Consider the search feature in an application. The search function returns related data if the search keyword is found else does not return anything. This use case can be implemented in Elm using the MayBe type. Syntax variable_name:MayBe data_type A variable of type MayBe can contain either of the following values − Just some_Value − This is used if there is valid data. Nothing − This is used if the value is absent or unknown. Nothing is equivalent to null in other programming languages. Illustration The following example shows how to use MayBe type with variables and function. Step 1 − Create a MayBeDemo.elm file and add the following code to it — MayBeDemo.elm module MayBeDemo exposing(..) import Maybe –declaring a MayBe variable and assigning value to it userName : Maybe String userName = Just “Mohtashim” –declaring a MayBe variable and assigning value to it userAge :Maybe Int userAge = Just 20 –declaring a MayBe variable and assigning value to it userSalary:Maybe Float userSalary = Nothing –declaring a custom type type Country = India | China | SriLanka –defining a function that takes a String parameter as input and returns a value of type MayBe getCountryFromString : String -> Maybe Country getCountryFromString p = case p of “India” -> Just India “China” -> Just China “SriLanka” -> Just SriLanka _ -> Nothing Step 2 − Import the module in elm repl and execute as given below E:ElmWorksErroApp> elm repl —- elm-repl 0.18.0 ———————————————————– :help for help, :exit to exit, more at ——————————————————————————– > import MayBeDemo exposing(..) > userName Just “Mohtashim” : Maybe.Maybe String > userAge Just 20 : Maybe.Maybe Int > userSalary Nothing : Maybe.Maybe Float > getCountryFromString “India” Just India : Maybe.Maybe MayBeDemo.Country > getCountryFromString “india” Nothing : Maybe.Maybe MayBeDemo.Country The function checks if the value passed to the function is India or China or SriLanka. If the parameter”s value does not match any of these, it returns nothing. Result Consider an example, where the application needs to validate some condition and raise an error if the condition is not satisfied. The Result type can be used to achieve this. The Result type should be used if the application wants to explicitly raise an error and return details about what went wrong. Syntax The Result type declaration takes two parameters – the data type of the error (usually String) and the data type of the result to be returned if everything goes fine. type Result error_type data_value_type = Ok data_value | Err error_message The Result type returns either of the following values − Ok some_value − Represents result to be returned Err − Represents the error message to be returned if the expected conditions are not satisfied. Illustration 1 Try the following example in the Elm REPL − > String.toInt <function> : String -> Result.Result String Int — successful result > String.toInt “10” Ok 10 : Result.Result String Int — unsuccessful result , Error > String.toInt “a” Err “could not convert string ”a” to an Int” : Result.Result String Int The String.toInt function returns Integer value if the parameter passed is valid. If the parameter is not a number, the function returns an error. Illustration 2 The following example accepts age as a parameter. The function returns the age if it is between 0 and 135 else it returns an appropriate error message. Step 1 − Create a ResultDemo.elm file and add the following code to it. –ResultDemo.elm module ResultDemo exposing(..) userId : Result String Int userId = Ok 10 emailId : Result String Int emailId = Err “Not valid emailId” isReasonableAge : String -> Result String Int isReasonableAge input = case String.toInt input of Err r -> Err “That is not a age!” Ok age -> if age < 0 then Err “Please try again ,age can”t be negative” else if age > 135 then Err “Please try agian,age can”t be this big..” else Ok age Step 2 − Import the module in elm package and execute as given below E:ElmWorksElmRepo15_ErrorHandling15_Code> elm repl —- elm-repl 0.18.0 ———————————————————– :help for help, :exit to exit, more at <https://github.com/elm-lang/elm-repl> ——————————————————————————– > import ResultDemo exposing (..) > userId Ok 10 : Result.Result String Int > emailId Err “Not valid emailId” : Result.Result String Int > isReasonableAge “10” Ok 10 : Result.Result String Int > isReasonableAge “abc” Err “That is not a age!” : Result.Result String Int Print Page Previous Next Advertisements ”;
Elm – Messages ”; Previous Next Message is a component in the Elm architecture. These components are generated by the View in response to the user”s interaction with the application”s interface. Messages represent user requests to alter the application”s state. Syntax –Message Syntax type Message = some_message1 |some_message2 …|some_messageN llustration The following example is a simple counter application. The application increments and decrements the value of a variable by 1 when the user clicks on the Add and Subtract buttons respectively. The application will have 4 components. The components are described below − Message The messages for this example will be − type Message = Add | Subtract Model The model represents the state of the application. In the counter application the model definition is given below; the initial state of counter will be zero. model = 0 View The view represents the visual elements of the application. The view contains two buttons ( + ) and ( – ) . The messages Add and Subtract are generated by the View when the user clicks on the + and – buttons respectively. The modified value of the model is then displayed by the View. view model = — invoke text function h1[] [ div[] [text “CounterApp from TutorialsPoint” ] ,button[onClick Subtract] [text “-“] ,div[][text (toString model)] ,button[onClick Add] [text “+”] ] Update This component contains code that should be executed for each message generated by the view. This is shown in the example below − update msg model = case msg of Add -> model+1 Subtract -> model-1 Putting it all together Step 1 − Create a folder MessagesApp and file MessagesDemo.elm Step 2 − Add the following code in elm file − import Html exposing (..) import Html.Events exposing(onClick) model = 0 — Defining the Model –Defining the View view model = h1[] [ div[] [text “CounterApp from TutorialsPoint” ] ,button[onClick Subtract] [text “-“] ,div[][text (toString model)] ,button[onClick Add] [text “+”] ] –Defining the Messages type Message = Add | Subtract –Defining Update update msg model = case msg of Add -> model+1 Subtract -> model-1 — Define the main method main = beginnerProgram { model=model ,view=view ,update=update } Step 3 − Execute the elm make command in terminal. The elm make command compiles the code and generates an HTML file from the .elm file created above. C:UsersdellelmMessagesApp> elm make .MessageDemo.elm Some new packages are needed. Here is the upgrade plan. Install: elm-lang/core 5.1.1 elm-lang/html 2.0.0 elm-lang/virtual-dom 2.0.4 Do you approve of this plan? [Y/n] y Starting downloads… ΓùÅ elm-lang/html 2.0.0 ΓùÅ elm-lang/virtual-dom 2.0.4 ΓùÅ elm-lang/core 5.1.1 Packages configured successfully! Success! Compiled 38 modules. Successfully generated index.html Step 4 − Open the index.html and verify the working as shown below − Print Page Previous Next Advertisements ”;
Elm – String ”; Previous Next A sequence of Unicode characters is called a String. In Elm, strings are enclosed in “” double quotes. A String is a chunk of text as shown below. > “TutorialsPoint” “TutorialsPoint” : String > location = “Hyderabad” –variable “Hyderabad” : String > location “Hyderabad” : String > String Functions Some common functions that can be used to query or manipulate string values are given below. Use REPL to try the examples given below. Sr. No Method Description 1 isEmpty : String -> Bool checks string is empty 2 reverse : String -> String reverses a input string 3 length : String -> Int returns an integer length 4 append :String -> String -> String appends two string and returns a new string 5 append :String -> Sconcat : List String -> String appends a list of strings and returns a new string 6 split : String -> String -> List String splits an input string using a given separator, returns a string list 7 slice : Int -> Int -> String -> String returns a substring given a start , end index and input string 8 contains : String -> String -> Bool returns true if second string contains the first one 9 toInt : String -> Result.Result String Int parses a String to Integer 10 toInt : String -> Result.Result String Int parses a String to Integer 11 toFloat : String -> Result.Result String Float parses a String to float 12 fromChar : Char -> String creates a string from a given character. 13 toList : String -> List Char converts string to list of characters 14 fromList : List Char -> String converts a list of characters into a String 15 toUpper : String -> String converts input string to upper case 16 trim : String -> String gets rid of whitespace on both sides of a string. 17 filter : (Char -> Bool) -> String -> String filters set of characters from input string 18 map : (Char -> Char) -> String -> String transforms every character in an input string isEmpty This function can be used to determine if a string is empty. This function returns True if the supplied String is empty. Syntax String.isEmpty String_value To check the signature of function, type the following in elm REPL − > String.isEmpty <function> : String -> Bool Signature of the function shows Bool as return type and input type as String − Illustration > String.isEmpty “” True : Bool > String.isEmpty “Tutorialspoint” False : Bool > location = “Hyderabad” “Hyderabad” : String > String.isEmpty location False : Bool reverse This function reverses a string. Syntax String.reverse String_value To check the signature of function, type the following in elm REPL − > String.reverse <function> : String -> String Signature of the function shows String as return type and input type as String − Illustration > String.reverse “TutorialsPoint” “tnioPslairotuT” : String length This function returns the length of a string. Syntax String.length String_value To check the signature of function, type the following in elm REPL − > String.length <function-> : String -> Int Signature of the function shows Int as return type and input type as String. Illustration > String.length “Mohtashim” 9 : Int append This function returns a new string by appending two strings. Syntax String.append String_value1 String_value2 To check the signature of function, type the following in elm REPL − > String.append <function-> : String -> String -> String Signature of shows two String input parameters and one String output parameter Illustration > String.append “Tutorials” “Point” TutorialsPoint : String concat This function returns a new string by concatenating many strings into one. Syntax String.concat [String1,String2,String3] To check the signature of function, type the following in elm REPL − > String.concat <function> : List String -> String Signature of shows a List of String input parameter and String return type Illustration > String.concat [“Hello”,”Tutorials”,”Point”] HelloTutorialsPoint : String split This function splits a string using a given separator. Syntax String.split string_seperator String_value To check the signature of function, type the following in elm REPL − > String.split <function> : String -> String -> List String Signature of shows two input String parameters and output as a list of string type. Illustration > String.split “,” “Hello,Tutorials,Point” [“Hello”,”Tutorials”,”Point”] : List String slice This function returns a substring given a start and end index. Negative indexes are taken starting from the end of the list. The value of the index starts from zero. Syntax String.slice start_index end_index String_value To check the signature of function, type the following in elm REPL − > String.slice <function> : Int -> Int -> String -> String Signature of shows three input parameter and one return type. Illustration > String.slice 0 13 “TutorialsPoint” “TutorialsPoin” : String contains This function returns a True if the second string contains the first one. Syntax String.contains string1 string2 To check the signature of function, type the following in elm REPL − > String.contains <function> : String -> String -> Bool Signature of shows bool return type and two input parameters Illustration > String.contains “Point” “TutorialsPoint” True : Bool toInt This function converts a string into an int. Syntax String.toInt string_value To check the signature of function, type the following in elm REPL − > String.toInt <function> : String -> Result.Result String Int Since toInt can return error, the return type is Result, which is String or Int. Illustration > String.toInt “20” Ok 20 : Result.Result String Int > String.toInt “abc” Err “could not convert string ”abc” to an Int” : Result.Result String Int toFloat This function converts a string into a float. Syntax String.toFloat string_value To check the signature of function, type the following in elm REPL − > String.toFloat <function> : String -> Result.Result String Float Since toFloat can return error, the return type is Result, which is String or Float. Illustration > String.toFloat “20.50” Ok 20.5 : Result.Result String Float > String.toFloat “abc” Err “could not convert string ”abc”
Elm – Data Types ”; Previous Next The Type System represents the different types of values supported by the language. The Type System checks validity of the supplied values, before they are stored or manipulated by the program. This ensures that the code behaves as expected. The Type System further allows for richer code hinting and automated documentation too. Elm is a statically typed language. Elm has types that are similar to those from other languages. Number The number data type represents numeric values. The Elm type system supports the following numeric types − Sr. No. Type Example 1 number − Stores any number 7 is number type 2 Float − Stores fractional values 7/2 gives 3.5 result as Float 3 Int − Stores non-fractional values 7//2 gives 3 result as Int The type number accommodates both fractional and non-fractional values. Open the elm REPL and try the examples given below − C:Usersadmin>elm repl —- elm-repl 0.18.0 ——————————————— ————– :help for help, :exit to exit, more at <https://github.com/elm-lang/elm-repl> —————————————— ————————————– > 7 7 : number > 7/2 3.5 : Float > 7//2 3 : Int > String and Char The String data type is used to represent a sequence of characters. The Char data type is used to represent a single character. String values are defined within a double quote ” and Char values are enclosed within a single quote ”. Sr. No. Type Example 1 String − Stores a sequence of characters “TutorialsPoint” 2 Char − Stores fractional values ”T” Open the elm REPL and try the examples given below − C:Usersadmin>elm repl —- elm-repl 0.18.0 ————————————— ——————– :help for help, :exit to exit, more at <https://github.com/elm-lang/elm-repl> ————————————– —————————————— > “TutorialsPoint” “TutorialsPoint” : String > ”T” ”T” : Char Bool The Bool data type in Elm supports only two values − True and False. The keyword Bool is used to represent a Boolean value. Sr. No. Type Example 1 Bool − Stores values True or False 1==1 returns True Open the elm REPL and try the examples given below − C:Usersdellelm>elm repl —- elm-repl 0.18.0 ———————————– ———————— :help for help, :exit to exit, more at <https://github.com/elm-lang/elm-repl> —————————————- —————————————- > True True : Bool > False False : Bool > 1==1 True : Bool > 1==2 False : Bool > 1 /= 2 — not equal True : Bool > not True False : Bool > not False True : Bool Custom Types Elm supports creating user defined types. For example, consider a payment application. The application needs to store different modes of payment − credit card, debit card and net banking. This can be achieved by defining a custom type and restricting its value to the three acceptable modes of payments. The following example shows how to make a custom type. > type PaymentMode = CreditCard|NetBanking|DebitCard > payment1 = CreditCard CreditCard : Repl.PaymentMode > payment2 = DebitCard DebitCard : Repl.PaymentMode > payment3 = UPI — NAMING ERROR ———————————————- repl-temp-000.elm Cannot find variable `UPI` 7| payment3 = UPI In the above example, we created a PaymentMode custom type. Variables payment1 and payment2 are assigned to PaymentMode values. If the value assigned to the variable does not match any of the values defined by the PaymentMode type, the application will throw a syntax error. Structured Data types Structured data types can be used to store multiple values in a structured format. Elm supports the following structured data types − Tuple List Record Record These will be discussed in detail in the upcoming chapters. Print Page Previous Next Advertisements ”;
Elm – Loop ”; Previous Next Elm is a functional programming language. Elm uses the concept of recursion as an alternative to traditional looping constructs. This chapter discusses the concept of recursion. Recursion Some computer programming languages allow a module or function to call itself. This technique is known as recursion. Illustration In this program, we will see how to use recursion to display hello five times. Step 1 − Create a file Loop.elm Create a module Loop and define a function sayHello. The function sayHello takes an integer value as input and returns a string value. module Loop exposing(..) //function signature sayHello:Int ->String //function implementation sayHello n = case n of 1 -> “Hello:1 ” _ -> “Hello:” ++ toString (n) ++ ” ” ++ sayHello(n-1) The function sayHello checks if parameter passed is 1. If the parameter is 1, then function will return, otherwise it will create a string Hello and call the same function. Step 2 − Invoke sayHello from REPL Open the elm REPL from current project folder (location of Loop.elm file). //import the module Loop > import Loop exposing(..) //invoke the sayHello function with parameter value as 5 > sayHello 5 “Hello:5 Hello:4 Hello:3 Hello:2 Hello:1 Hello:0 ” : String > Illustration The following example prints the sum of n numbers using recursion. > sumOfNos n = | if n==0 then 0 | else (n) + sumOfNos (n-1) <function> : number -> number1 In the elm REPL, we created a function sumOfNos that takes an input number and sums all numbers from 0 to that number. For example, if we pass input as 5, it will sum up 1+2+3+4+5 which is 15. > ssumOfNos 5 15 : number The output of the program is shown above. Print Page Previous Next Advertisements ”;
Elm – Operators ”; Previous Next An operator defines some function that will be performed on the data. The values on which the operators work are called operands. Consider the following expression 7 + 5 = 12 Here, the values 7, 5, and 12 are operands, while + and = are operators. The major operators in Elm can be classified as − Arithmetic Relational Logical Arithmetic Operators Assume the values in variables a and b are 7 and 2 respectively. Show Examples Sr. No. Operator Description Example 1 +(Addition) returns the sum of the operands a+b is 9 2 -(Subtraction) returns the difference of the values a-b is 5 3 * (Multiplication) returns the product of the values a*b is 14 4 / (Float Division) performs division operation and returns a float quotient a / b is 3.5 5 //(Integer Division) performs division operation and returns a integer quotient a // b is 3 6 % (Modulus) performs division operation and returns the remainder a % b is 1 Relational Operators Relational Operators test or define the kind of relationship between two entities. These operators are used to compare two or more values. Relational operators return a Boolean value, i.e. true or false. Assume the value of a is 10 and b is 20. Show Examples Sr. No. Operator Description Example 1 > Greater than (a > b) is False 2 < Lesser than (a < b) is True 3 >= Greater than or equal to (a >= b) is False 4 <= Lesser than or equal to (a <= b) is True 5 == Equality (a == b) is false 6 != Not equal (a != b) is True Comparable Types Comparison operators like >= or < work with comparable types. These are defined as numbers, characters, strings, and lists, tuples. The comparable types on both sides of the operator must be the same. Sr. No. Comparable Type Example 1 number 7>2 gives True 2 character ”a” ==”b” gives False 3 string “hello” ==”hello” gives True 4 tuple (1,”One”)==(1,”One”) gives True 5 list [1,2]==[1,2] gives True Open the elm REPL and try the examples shown below − C:Usersadmin>elm repl —- elm-repl 0.18.0 ———————————————————– :help for help, :exit to exit, more at <https://github.com/elm-lang/elm-repl> ——————————————————————————– > 7>2 True : Bool > 7.0>2 True : Bool > 7.0<2.0 False : Bool > ”a” > ”b” False : Bool > ”a” < ”b” True : Bool > “a” < “b” True : Bool > (1,2) > (2,3) False : Bool > [”1”,”3”] < [”2”,”1”] True : Bool > Logical Operators Logical Operators are used to combine two or more conditions. Logical operators too return a Boolean value. Show Examples Sr. No. Operator Description Example 1 && The operator returns true only if all the expressions specified return true (10>5) && (20>5) returns True 2 || The operator returns true if at least one of the expressions specified return true (10 < 5) || (20 >5) returns True 3 not The operator returns the inverse of the expression’s result. For E.g.: !(>5) returns false. not (10 < 5) returns True 4 xor The operator returns true only if exactly one input returns true. The operator returns false if both the expressions return true. xor (10 > 5 ) (20 > 5) returns false Print Page Previous Next Advertisements ”;
Elm – Basic Syntax ”; Previous Next This chapter discusses how to write a simple program in elm. Step 1 − Create a directory HelloApp in VSCode Now, create a file − Hello.elm in this directory. The above diagram shows project folder HelloApp and terminal opened in VSCode. Step 2 − Install the necessary elm packages The package manager in elm is elm-package. Install the elm-lang/html package. This package will help us display output of elm code in the browser. Traverse to the HelloApp project folder by right clicking on File → Open in command prompt in VSCode. Execute the following command in the terminal window − C:UsersdellElmHelloApp> elm-package install elm-lang/html The following files/folders are added to the project directory on installing the package. elm-package.json (file), stores project meta data elm-stuff (folder), stores external packages The following message will appear once the package is installed successfully. Step 3 − Add the following code to the Hello.elm file — importing Html module and the function text import Html exposing (text) — create main method main = — invoke text function text “Hello Elm from TutorialsPoint” The above program will display a string message Hello Elm from TutorialsPoint in the browser. For this, we need to import the function text within the Html module. The text function is used to print any string value in the browser. The main method is the entry point to a program. The main method invokes the text function and passes a string value to it. Step 4 − Compile the project Execute the following command in VSCode terminal window. elm make Hello.elm The output of the above command is as shown below − //update path to the proj folder in the command elm make C:UsersdellelmHelloApp>elm make Hello.elm Success! Compiled 38 modules. Successfully generated index.html The above command will generate an index.html file. The elm compiler converts .elm file to JavaScript and embeds it in the index.html file. Step 5 − Open the index.html in the browser Open the index.html file in any browser. The output will be as shown below − Comments in Elm Comments are a way to improve the readability of a program. Comments can be used to include additional information about a program like author of the code, hints about a function construct, etc. Comments are ignored by the compiler. Elm supports the following types of comments − Single-line comments (–) − Any text between a — and the end of a line is treated as a comment. Multi-line comments ({- -}) − These comments may span multiple lines. Illustration — this is single line comment {- This is a Multi-line comment -} Lines and Indentation Elm provides no braces to indicate blocks of code for function definitions or flow control. Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation, which is rigidly enforced. All statements within a block must be indented the same amount. For example − module ModuleIf exposing (..) x = 0 function1 = if x > 5 then “x is greater” else “x is small” However, the following block generates an error − — Create file ModuleIf.elm module ModuleIf exposing (..) x = 0 function1 = if x > 5 then “x is greater” else –Error:else indentation not at same level of if statement “x is small” Thus, in Elm all the continuous lines indented with same number of spaces would form a block. C:Usersadmin>elm repl —- elm-repl 0.18.0 ———————————————————– :help for help, :exit to exit, more at <https://github.com/elm-lang/elm-repl> ————————————— —————————————– > import ModuleIf exposing(..) — importing module from ModuleIf.elm file >function1 — executing function from module — SYNTAX PROBLEM ————————————————— I need whitespace, but got stuck on what looks like a new declaration. You are either missing some stuff in the declaration above or just need to add some spaces here: 7| else ^ I am looking for one of the following things: whitespace Print Page Previous Next Advertisements ”;
Elm – Package Manager ”; Previous Next A package manager is a command-line tool that automates the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing packages in your application. Just like JavaScript has a package manager called npm, elm has a package manager called elm-package. The package manager performs the following three tasks − Installs all dependencies that an elm application need Publishes custom packages Determines the version of your package when you are ready to publish and update. Elm Package Manager Commands The following table lists down the various Elm package manager commands − Sr. No. Command Syntax Description 1 install elm-package install Installs packages to use locally 2 publish elm-package publish Publishes your package to the central catalog 3 bump elm-package bump Bumps version numbers based on API changes 4 diff elm-package diff Gets differences between two APIs In order to publish your package, you need to host source code on GitHub and have the version properly labeled with a git tag. Following illustration shows how to use elm-package manager to pull an external dependency. Illustration – Installing svg package In this example, we will see how to integrate Scalable Vector Graphics(SVG) into an elm application. Step 1 − Create a folder elmSvgApp Step 2 − Install svg package using the following command − elm-package install elm-lang/svg Step 3 − Install Create a SvgDemo.elm file and type the content given below. We import Svg module to draw a rectangle of 100×100 dimension and fill the colour red. import Svg exposing (..) import Svg.Attributes exposing (..) main = svg [ width “120” , height “120” , viewBox “0 0 120 120” ] [ rect [ x “10” , y “10” , width “100” , height “100” , rx “15” , ry “15” ,fill “red” ] [] ] Step 4 − Now build the project using elm make .SvgDemo.elm. This will generate an index.html as shown below − Print Page Previous Next Advertisements ”;
Elm – Introduction ”; Previous Next Elm is a functional programming language. It was Designed by Evan Czaplicki in 2012. Elm is specifically used for designing front end of web applications. Elm compiles to JavaScript and runs in the browser. It is fast, testable, maintainable, and comes with no Runtime exceptions. Some practical applications of the Elm programming platform include − Games Graphics Single Page Applications Why Elm Elm eliminates most of the common problems faced by frontend developers. This includes − No Runtime Exceptions Elm is a statically typed language. All possible errors are validated and corrected at compile-time. This makes it possible to have no runtime exceptions. Developer Friendly Error Messages Unlike other programming languages, Elm”s compiler is designed to provide very specific and developer-friendly error messages at compile time. The error messages also include hints such as links to recommended design documentations. Easy to Test Each Elm function can be tested in isolation of all others. This makes programs written in Elm easily testable. Automatic Semantic Versioning Elm enforces automatic semantic versioning of packages. This ensures that a patch change does not crash an already running application. Reusable Code Elm functions are inherently easy to reuse compared to functions in JavaScript, Python, or TypeScript. Print Page Previous Next Advertisements ”;