”;
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. LISP allows numerous operations on data, supported by various functions, macros and other constructs.
The operations allowed on data could be categorized as −
- Arithmetic Operations
- Comparison Operations
- Logical Operations
- Bitwise Operations
Arithmetic Operations
The following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by LISP. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then −
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| + | Adds two operands | (+A B) will give 30 |
| – | Subtracts second operand from the first | (- A B) will give -10 |
| * | Multiplies both operands | (* A B) will give 200 |
| / | Divides numerator by de-numerator | (/ B A) will give 2 |
| mod,rem | Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division | (mod B A )will give 0 |
| incf | Increments operator increases integer value by the second argument specified | (incf A 3) will give 13 |
| decf | Decrements operator decreases integer value by the second argument specified | (decf A 4) will give 9 |
Comparison Operations
Following table shows all the relational operators supported by LISP that compares between numbers. However unlike relational operators in other languages, LISP comparison operators may take more than two operands and they work on numbers only.
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| = | Checks if the values of the operands are all equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true. | (= A B) is not true. |
| /= | Checks if the values of the operands are all different or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true. | (/= A B) is true. |
| > | Checks if the values of the operands are monotonically decreasing. | (> A B) is not true. |
| < | Checks if the values of the operands are monotonically increasing. | (< A B) is true. |
| >= | Checks if the value of any left operand is greater than or equal to the value of next right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (>= A B) is not true. |
| <= | Checks if the value of any left operand is less than or equal to the value of its right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (<= A B) is true. |
| max | It compares two or more arguments and returns the maximum value. | (max A B) returns 20 |
| min | It compares two or more arguments and returns the minimum value. | (min A B) returns 10 |
Logical Operations on Boolean Values
Common LISP provides three logical operators: and, or, and not that operates on Boolean values. Assume A has value nil and B has value 5, then −
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| and | It takes any number of arguments. The arguments are evaluated left to right. If all arguments evaluate to non-nil, then the value of the last argument is returned. Otherwise nil is returned. | (and A B) will return NIL. |
| or | It takes any number of arguments. The arguments are evaluated left to right until one evaluates to non-nil, in such case the argument value is returned, otherwise it returns nil. | (or A B) will return 5. |
| not | It takes one argument and returns t if the argument evaluates to nil. | (not A) will return T. |
Bitwise Operations on Numbers
Bitwise operators work on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for bitwise and, or, and xor operations are as follows −
| p | q | p and q | p or q | p xor q |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows: A = 0011 1100 B = 0000 1101 ----------------- A and B = 0000 1100 A or B = 0011 1101 A xor B = 0011 0001 not A = 1100 0011
The Bitwise operators supported by LISP are listed in the following table. Assume variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then −
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| logand | This returns the bit-wise logical AND of its arguments. If no argument is given, then the result is -1, which is an identity for this operation. | (logand a b)) will give 12 |
| logior | This returns the bit-wise logical INCLUSIVE OR of its arguments. If no argument is given, then the result is zero, which is an identity for this operation. | (logior a b) will give 61 |
| logxor | This returns the bit-wise logical EXCLUSIVE OR of its arguments. If no argument is given, then the result is zero, which is an identity for this operation. | (logxor a b) will give 49 |
| lognor | This returns the bit-wise NOT of its arguments. If no argument is given, then the result is -1, which is an identity for this operation. | (lognor a b) will give -62, |
| logeqv | This returns the bit-wise logical EQUIVALENCE (also known as exclusive nor) of its arguments. If no argument is given, then the result is -1, which is an identity for this operation. | (logeqv a b) will give -50 |
”;